Catalogue

In order to develop a sustainable wastewater management system, it is necessary to identify and implement feasible reuse options. However, a variety…

Centralised drinking water treatment plants treat large amounts of water from many households in one single spot and consequently most often require…

Before an underground water pipe can be installed, a trench must be excavated. Trench dimensions depend on pipe size, soil, and climate. Mostly, the…

Many studies have been carried out on indigenous Inuit groups in Alaska, Canada and Greenland, elucidating the human exposure to contaminants, such…

A trickling filter, is a fixed-bed, biological reactor that operates under (mostly) aerobic conditions. Pre-settled wastewater is continuously ‘…

This technology consists of two alternating pits connected to a pour flush toilet. The blackwater (and in some cases greywater) is collected in the…

UASB maintains a high concentration of biomass through formation of highly settable microbial aggregates. Wastewater flows upwards through a blanket…

In many developing and emerging countries, it can be difficult to access and collect on-site data due to many unavoidable reasons like cost, time,…

An unplanted drying bed is a simple, permeable bed that, when loaded with sludge, collects percolated leachate and allows the sludge to dry by…

The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) is a single tank process. Wastewater enters the reactor from the bottom, and flows upward. A…

At the end of 2015, about six out of ten refugees lived in urban areas (UNHCR 2016). Refugees and Internally Displaced People (IDPs) move to cities…

Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) aims at designing and managing the urban water system in a holistic manner. This section provides a basic…

An urinal is used only for collecting urine. Urinals are generally for men, although models for women have also been developed. Most urinals use…

The separate collection of urine allows to reduce water used in toilets for flushing and to collect the nutrients contained in the urine in order to…

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