2018 أبريل 27

استخدام الحماة

Application level

City

Household

Neighborhood

Management level

Household

Public

Shared

المُدخلات

Sludge

المُخرَجات

Biomass
المؤلف*
Eawag المعهد الفيدرالي السويسري لعلوم وتقنيات المياه
ترجمة وتعريب مؤسسة بناء

المُلخص التنفيذي

اعتمادًا على طرق المُعالجة وجودتها، يُمكن استخدام الحمأة المهضومة والمُثَبَّتة في كلٍ من الأراضي الخاصة أو العامة من أجل تنسيق الحدائق أو الزراعة.

يُمكن استخدام الحمأة المُعالجة (مثل الحمأة المُسَمَّدة، أو الحمأة المُزالة من أحواض التجفيف المزروعة، وغيرها) في الزراعة، أو الحدائق المنزلية، أو التشجير، أو زراعة العُشب، أو تنسيق الحدائق والمنتزهات، أو ملاعب الجولف، أو استصلاح المناجم، أو كغطاء لمقالب النفايات، أو للتحكم في تعرية التربة.

بالرغم من أن الحمأة تحتوي على مستويات منخفضة من المُغذيات، أقل من المتواجدة في الأسمدة التجارية (بالنسبة للنيتروجين والفوسفور والبوتاسيوم على التوالي)، فإن الحمأة يُمكنها أن تُعَوِّض جزءًا كبيرًا من متطلبات السماد. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك فإن الحمأة المُعالجة تتميز بخصائص أعلى من المتواجدة في الأسمدة التجارية، كنفش التربة Bulking (انتفاخ، تضخيم) والاحتفاظ بالماء، وإطلاق المُغذيات بمعدلات بطيئة ومستقرة.

 

المزايا
يمكن أن يقلل من استخدام الأسمدة الكيميائية (التجارية)، ويُحسن من قدرة التربة على الاحتفاظ بالماء.
يمكن أن يُسرع عملية إعادة التشجير (إعادة التحريج) .
يمكن أن يُخفض من تعرية التربة.
تكلفة منخفضة.
العيوب
يمكن أن تكون الروائح المنبعثة ملحوظة، ويتوقف ذلك على المُعالجة السابقة.
من الممكن أن يتطلب معدات توزيع خاصة.
من الممكن أن يسبب مخاطر صحية، ويتوقف ذلك علي جودة الحمأة والاستخدام.
من الممكن أن تتراكم المُلوثات المجهرية (Micropollutants) في التربة وتُلوث المياه الجوفية.
من الممكن أن يكون القبول المُجتمعي لها منخفضًا في بعض المناطق.
المُدخلات المُخرَجات

الحمأة

الكتلة الحيوية

Introduction

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Sludge that has been treated (e.g., co-composted or removed from a planted drying bed, etc.) can be used in agriculture, home gardening, forestry, sod and turf growing, landscaping, parks, golf courses, mine reclamation, as a dump cover, or for erosion control. Although sludge has lower nutrient levels than commercial fertilizers (for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively), it can replace them fully or in part. Additionally, treated sludge has been found to have properties superior to those of fertilizers, such as bulking and water retention properties, and the slow, steady release of nutrients.

TILLEY et al. 2014. Application of Sludge
Schematic of Application of Sludge. Source: TILLEY et al. (2014)

 

اعتبارات التصميم

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 يتم توزيع الحمأة الصلبة على سطح الأرض باستخدام مُوزعات الأسمدة التقليدية، أو شاحنات ذات خزانات، أو عَرَبات مصممة بشكل خاص لهذا الغرض. أما الحمأة السائلة )على سبيل المثال: التي تُنتج من المفاعلات اللاهوائية (فيمكن رَشها على سطح الأرض أو حقنها في التربة.

عند تحديد مُعدلات تطبيق واستخدام الحمأة يجب الوضع في الحسبان وجود مُسببات الأمراض والملوثات، وكذلك كمية المُغذيات المتاحة؛ وبذلك يمكن استخدامها بمعدل زراعي )Agronomic rate( مناسب ومستدام.

 

الجوانب الصحية / القبول

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يعتبر  القبول هو أكبر العوائق التي تواجه استخدام الحمأة. وبالرغم من عدم قبول الحمأة للاستخدام في الزراعة أو الصناعة المحلية، تظل هناك إمكانية لاستخدامها في المشاريع البلدية ويمكنها تحقيق الكثير من المكاسب )مثل: استصلاح المناجم(.

واعتمادًا على مصدر الحمأة وطريقة المُعالجة، يمكن أن تُعالج الحمأة حتى تكون آمنة في العموم، ولا ينتج عنها مشاكل الروائح النفاذة أو ناقلات الأمراض. وينبغي الاستعانة بإرشادات منظمة الصحة العالمية WHO في استخدام فضلات الجسم في الزراعة.

 

التشغيل والصيانة

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يجب صيانة مُعدات توزيع السماد من أجل ضمان استمرار استخدامها دون أي عطل. كما يجب مراقبة كمية ومعدل استخدام الحمأة من أجل منع الحمولة الزائدة، وبالتالي مَنع احتمالية التلوث بالمُغذيات الزائدة. ويجب على العاملين ارتداء الملابس الواقية المناسبة.

المراجع

استعمال مياه الصرف الصحي المعالجة في الزارعة

محمد منهل الزعبى واخرون (2014): استعمال مياه الصرف الصحي المعالجة في الزارعة . ألجمهورية العربية السورية: الهئية العامة للبحوث العلمية الزراعية وزارة الزراعة والإصلاح الزراعي سوريا PDF

Language: Arabic

Faecal Sludge Management

This is the first book to compile the current state of knowledge on faecal sludge management. It addresses the organization of the entire faecal sludge management service chain, from the collection and transport of sludge, to the current state of knowledge of treatment options, and the final end use or disposal of treated sludge. It presents an integrated approach that brings together technology, management, and planning, based on Sandec’s 20 years of experience in the field. It also discusses important factors to consider when evaluating and upscaling new treatment technology options. The book is designed for undergraduate and graduate students, engineers, and practitioners in the field who have some basic knowledge of environmental and/or wastewater engineering.

STRANDE, L. ; RONTELTAP, M. ; BRDJANOVIC, D. (2014): Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation. London: IWA Publishing URL [Accessed: 16.07.2014]

Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture

Volume IV of the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater recognizes the reuse potential of wastewater and excreta (including urine) in agriculture and describes the present state of knowledge as regards potential health risks associated with the reuse as well as measures to manage these health risks following a multi-barrier approach.

WHO (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019] PDF

Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition

This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.

TILLEY, E., ULRICH L., LÜTHI, C., REYMOND P. and ZURBRÜGG C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) URL [Accessed: 03.05.2023] PDF
قراءات أخرى

Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic)

This is the Arabic version of the Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. The Compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.

TILLEY, E. ULRICH, L. LUETHI, C. REYMOND, P. SCHERTENLEIB, R. ZURBRUEGG, C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic). 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) PDF

Sludge Treatment and Disposal

Sludge Treatment and Disposal is the sixth volume in the series Biological Wastewater Treatment. The book covers in a clear and informative way the sludge characteristics, production, treatment (thickening, dewatering, stabilisation, pathogens removal) and disposal (land application for agricultural purposes, sanitary landfills, landfarming and other methods). Environmental and public health issues are also fully described.

ANDREOLI, C.V. ; SPERLING, M. von ; FERNANDES, F. (2007): Sludge Treatment and Disposal. (= Biological Wastewater Treatment Series , 6 ). London: International Water Association (IWA) Publishing URL [Accessed: 27.05.2019]

Guidelines for the Utilisation and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge

Traditional practices related to wastewater sludge management include dedicated land disposal, waste piling, landfill disposal and, to a lesser degree, use in agricultural practices. However, due to varying reasons, on-site land disposal and waste piling have become the standard management options for many wastewater treatment plants in South Africa today. With sludge production increasing on a daily basis, it has however become apparent that current practices are unsustainable with sludge management becoming a problem for many municipalities in South Africa. Innovative solutions need to be sought to create opportunities that provide a wide spectrum of options to the management of wastewater sludge. This guideline aims to provide options and opportunities for this innovation and to encourage the beneficial use of wastewater sludge. Where wastewater sludge cannot be used as a resource, the guidelines also provide for its disposal in a responsible manner.

HERSELMAN, J. E. BURGER, L. W. MOODLEY, P. (2008): Guidelines for the Utilisation and Disposal of Wastewater Sludge. Volume 5: Requirements for thermal sludge management practices and for commercial products containing sludge. Pretoria: Water Research Commission (WRC) URL [Accessed: 19.03.2012]

Fecal Sludge Management in Developing Countries - A Planning Manual

This manual is a first approach to provide guidance on strategic planning of faecal sludge management. The study took place in the City of Nam Dinh, in Vietnam. The main principles for strategic sanitation planning have been adopted from the guide “Strategic Planning for Municipal Planning” from GHK Research and Training Ltd.

KLINGEL, F. MONTANGERO, A. KONE, M. STRAUSS, M. (2002): Fecal Sludge Management in Developing Countries - A Planning Manual. (= First Edition ). Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science (EAWAG) URL [Accessed: 08.06.2019]

Faecal Sludge Treatment

This document reviews current practices of faecal sludge management and treatment.

MONTANGERO, A. STRAUSS, M. (2004): Faecal Sludge Treatment. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

Basic Principles of Wastewater Treatment

Basic Principles of Wastewater Treatment is the second volume in the series Biological Wastewater Treatment, and focusses on the unit operations and processes associated with biological wastewater treatment. The major topics covered are: microbiology and ecology of wastewater treatment, reaction kinetics and reactor hydraulics, conversion of organic and inorganic matter, sedimentation, aeration.

SPERLING, M. von (2007): Basic Principles of Wastewater Treatment. (= Biological Wastewater Treatment Series , 2 ). London: International Water Association (IWA) Publishing URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]

Faecal Sludge Management

This is the first book to compile the current state of knowledge on faecal sludge management. It addresses the organization of the entire faecal sludge management service chain, from the collection and transport of sludge, to the current state of knowledge of treatment options, and the final end use or disposal of treated sludge. It presents an integrated approach that brings together technology, management, and planning, based on Sandec’s 20 years of experience in the field. It also discusses important factors to consider when evaluating and upscaling new treatment technology options. The book is designed for undergraduate and graduate students, engineers, and practitioners in the field who have some basic knowledge of environmental and/or wastewater engineering.

STRANDE, L. ; RONTELTAP, M. ; BRDJANOVIC, D. (2014): Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation. London: IWA Publishing URL [Accessed: 16.07.2014]

Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management

In this atlas, a variety of countries and regions in the world report on sanitation in their respective jurisdictions. They range from developing countries with substantial portions of the population without access to modern plumbing or sanitation, to developed countries with sophisticated treatment plants linked to elaborate sewerage systems. They range from countries trying to deal with outmoded sanitation systems to others that have been able to invest in the most modern technology and equipment.

LEBLANC, R.J. ; MATTHEWS, P. ; RICHARD, R.P. (2008): Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management. Moving forward the Sustainable and Welcome Uses of a Global Resource. Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) URL [Accessed: 10.04.2014]

Sludge Treatment Technologies

This document describes several steps of sludge treatment technologies such as sludge stabilisation, dewatering and incineration.

VIGNESWARAN, S. KANDASAMY, J. (n.y): Sludge Treatment Technologies. Paris: UNESCO-EOLSS (Encyclopedia Of Life Support Systems) URL [Accessed: 24.11.2011]
حالات دراسية

Opportunities in Fecal Sludge Management for Cities in Developing Countries: Experiences from the Philippines

In July 2012, a team from RTI International deployed to the Philippines to evaluate four FSM programs with the goal of reporting on best practices and lessons learned. The four cases—Dumaguete City, San Fernando City, Maynilad Water for the west zone of metro Manila, and Manila Water from the east zone of metro Manila—were chosen to highlight their different approaches to implementing FSM.

ROBBINS, D. STRANDE, L. DOCZI, J. (2012): Opportunities in Fecal Sludge Management for Cities in Developing Countries: Experiences from the Philippines. North Carolina: RTI International URL [Accessed: 10.06.2019]

Sustainable and safe application of sludge and wastewater in Short-Rotation-Plantation

This presentation on the implementation of sewage fertilized short rotation plantations in developing countries gives an overview on the main principles, technology details and examples of successfully implemented SRPs, including many pictures and photographs.

HAENEL, M. (n.y): Sustainable and safe application of sludge and wastewater in Short-Rotation-Plantation. Bremerhaven: Technologie-Transfer-Zentrum Bremerhaven (ttz) URL [Accessed: 21.04.2012]

Short Rotation Plantations: Opportunities for Efficient Biomass Production with the Safe Application of Wastewater and Sewage Sludge

This two-page factsheet by the European Biomass Industry Association gives a brief and concise overview on the topic of Short Rotation Plantations. Especially the benefits of this technology are highlighted.

EUBIA (2008): Short Rotation Plantations: Opportunities for Efficient Biomass Production with the Safe Application of Wastewater and Sewage Sludge. Brussels: European Biomass Industry Association (EUBIA) URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]
مواد تدريبية

Faecal Sludge Management. Lecture Notes

This module pays special attention to the haulage, treatment and reuse or disposal of faecal sludge. It covers both technical and non-technical (socio-cultural, economic, political etc.) aspects and provides practical information on design, financing and planning of faecal sludge treatment plants.

EAWAG/SANDEC (2008): Faecal Sludge Management. Lecture Notes. (= Sandec Training Tool 1.0, Module 5 ). Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) URL [Accessed: 23.05.2012]
مواد لنشر الوعي

Faecal Sludge Management.

This issue presents studies from different regions (Bangladesh, Cameroon, Burkina Faso) that mainly show the non-existence of faecal sludge management. Additionally, the last paper describes a new technological solution (LaDePa) for producing hygienically safe organic fertiliser from sludge from ventilated improved pit toilets (VIPs).

ECOSAN CLUB (2012): Faecal Sludge Management.. (= Sustainable Sanitation Practice , 13 ). Vienna: Ecosan Club URL [Accessed: 16.10.2012]

Towards an Improved Faecal Sludge Management (FSM)

More than two billion urban dwellers in developing countries use on-site sanitation facilities such as pit latrines, septic tanks and aqua privies for excreta and wastewater disposal. Since on-site sanitation installations will serve the growing urban populations in developing countries for decades to come, increasing faecal sludge quantities will have to be managed. Proper faecal sludge management (FSM) is the important link missing in integrated urban sanitation upgrading efforts.

KONE, D. STRAUSS, M. SAYWELL, D. (2007): Towards an Improved Faecal Sludge Management (FSM). Duebendorf: EAWAG/SANDEC URL [Accessed: 15.12.2010]

Sewage Sludge as a Biomass Resource

The aim of this paper, which is based on a literature review, is to discuss the various options to recover energy from sewage sludge and to assess qualitatively these options with respect to the development stage, potential of energy recovery, and expected future developments. In this evaluation the effect of the presence of toxic organic and inorganic components in the sludge is also assessed.

RULKENS, W. (2007): Sewage Sludge as a Biomass Resource. المُدخلات: Energy & Fuels 2008: Volume 22 , 9–15. URL [Accessed: 27.05.2019]
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