This paper describes the use of solar thermally driven stand-alone desalination systems adapted to remote areas based on membrane distillation. The aim is to develop systems for a capacity ranging from 0.2 to 20 m3/day. Technical simplicity, long maintenance-free operation periods and high quality output are the important parameters that will enable successful application of the systems.
KOSCHIKOWSKI, J. ; WIEGHAUS, M. ; ROMMEL, M. (2003): Solar thermal-driven desalination plants based on membrane distillation. In: Elsevier Desalination : Volume 156 , 298-304. URL [Accessed: 07.03.2019] PDFLibrary
This paper presents a review of the highlights that have been achieved during the recent years and the state-of-the-art for most important efforts in the field of desalination by renewable energy, with emphasis on solar energy applications.
MATIOULAKIS, E. ; BELESSIOTIS, V. ; DELYANNIS, E. (2007): Desalination by using Alternative Energy: Review of State of the Art. In: Elsevier Desalination : Volume 203 , 346-365. URL [Accessed: 07.03.2019] PDFThere is widespread agreement that the Great Lakes presently are exhibiting symptoms of extreme stress. Many sources of pollution have been impacting the lakes for over a century. The conceptual model here indicates the importance of immediate and sustained action. It advocates using the principles of ecosystem-based management to restore and protect the Great Lakes. Without such action, the lakes could potentially suffer irreversible and catastrophic damage.
BAILS, J. BEETON, A. BULKLEY, J. DEPHILIP, M. GANNON, J. MURRAY, M. REGIER, H. SCAVIA, D. (2006): Prescription for Great Lakes Ecosystem Protection and Restoration. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Information Network URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFThis technical paper explains the vulnerability of bank filtration systems to climate change like the effect of changing temperature or raw water quality and quantity. It also features a case study from Berlin, Germany, where 60% of the water abstracted from wells is due to bank filtration schemes.
HUELSHOFF, I. GRESKOWIAK, J. GRUETSMACHER, G. (2009): Analysis of the Vulnerability of Bank Filtration Systems to Climate Change by Comparing Their Effectiveness Under Varying Environmental Conditions. Unknown: Techneau URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFThis report gives an overview of the opportunities that BF provides for developing and newly-industrialised countries. The information should support these countries in evaluating whether BF constitutes an attractive supplement or even alternative to their water supply system.
HUELSHOFF, I. GRESKOWIAK, J. WIESE, B. GRUETSMACHER, G. (2009): Relevance and Opportunities of Bank Filtration to Provide Safe Water for Developing and Newly-industrialised Countries. Unknown: Techneau URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFThe benefit derived from the creation of man-made lakes in Nigeria and other developing countries is usually associated with great risks. Whenever we establish a dam, it appears we dam the inherent consequences to the detriment of man and his environment.
ARAOYE, P.A. (2002): Man-Made Lakes, Ecological Studies and Conservation Needs in Nigeria. Ilorin: University of Ilorin URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFBack in the mid-1940s, Congress recognised the need for better flood control and navigation. To pay for these services, Congress passed laws that started the building of federal hydroelectric dams, and sold the power from the dams under long-term contracts. Today these dams provide efficient, environmentally safe electricity for cities and rural areas.
SEPA (n.y): Lakes, Electricity & You. Elberton: Southeastern Power Administration (SEPA) URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFThe research page of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) features many publications on groundwater research.
This brochure briefly explains the functions, water treatment potential and advantages of a riverbank filtration system in South India.
TERI (2007): Safe Water by Riverbank Filtration. A Demonstration of an Appropriate Water Treatment Technology. New Delhi & Kingston: Teri & University of Rhode Island URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFThis report provides an overview of pathogen and organic trace compound content in water samples from three riverbank filtration (RBF) sites in Delhi, India. Based on the microbial results given in this report and the literature reviewed, it is concluded that RBF effectively reduces (indicator) bacteria and viruses even when the surface water is heavily polluted with pathogens.
SPRENGER, C. LORENSEN, G. PAKDEGER, A. (2006): Occurrence and Fate of Microbial Pathogens and Organic Compounds at Riverbank Filtration Sites in Delhi, India. Unknown: Techneau URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFAlpine Regions are regarded as a valuable source of clean drinking water and of great importance for hydropower use and flood protection. Management of sediments on the basis of experiences gained on the national level is needed to establish transnational actions to preserve existing reservoirs and to avoid uncontrolled exploitation by constructing new storage capacity.
HARTMANN, S. (2004): Sediment Management of Alpine Reservoirs Considering Ecological and Economical Aspects. Neubiberg: German Armed Forces University Munich URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFAn article on agricultural pollution, causes and its effects.