Indirect solar desalination systems consist of a conventional desalination unit coupled to a solar conversion system. Their most significant possibilities of development in the near future are assessed in this paper. Particular emphasis is given to the efficiency of such systems since their cost mainly depends on the maturity of the technology and the production scale.
GARCIA-RODRIGUEZ, L. (2007): Assessment of most Promising Developments in Solar Desalination. In: RIZZUTI ; (2007): Solar Desalination for the 21th Century. Heidelberg: 355-369. URL [Accessed: 07.03.2019] PDFLibrary
Desalination has become one of the main sources of water in most of the countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. All MENA countries lie in the Sunbelt region and have the space needed by solar technologies. Success in implementing solar technologies in desalination depends on the progress made or to be made to economically convert solar energy into electrical and thermal energies.
QUTEISHAT, K. ABU-ARABI, M. (2004): Promotion of Solar Desalination in the MENA Region. Muscat: Middle East Desalination Research Center URL [Accessed: 07.03.2019] PDFThis article presents the state-of-the-art technologies in theworld desalination market. Modern techniques are described in detail and a critical comparison between different techniques is presented, taking into account economical and geographic criteria.
TATA-DUCRU, F. (2009): Dessalement de l’Eau de Mer: Bilan des Dernieres Avancés Technologiques; Bilan Economique; Analyse Critique en Fonction des Contextes. Paris: Agence Francaise de Developpement URL [Accessed: 07.03.2019] PDFLanguage: Spanish
In this paper, a mathematical model is presented to calculate the impact of desalination plants on salinity within a semi-enclosed sea of simple geometry.
PURNAMA, A. ; AL-BARWANI, H.H. ; SMITH, R. (2005): Calculating the Environmental Cost of Seawater Desalination in the Arabian Marginal Seas. In: Elsevier Desalination 185: Volume 185 , 79-86. URL [Accessed: 07.03.2019] PDFBack in the mid-1940s, Congress recognised the need for better flood control and navigation. To pay for these services, Congress passed laws that started the building of federal hydroelectric dams, and sold the power from the dams under long-term contracts. Today these dams provide efficient, environmentally safe electricity for cities and rural areas.
SEPA (n.y): Lakes, Electricity & You. Elberton: Southeastern Power Administration (SEPA) URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFThe research page of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) features many publications on groundwater research.
This brochure briefly explains the functions, water treatment potential and advantages of a riverbank filtration system in South India.
TERI (2007): Safe Water by Riverbank Filtration. A Demonstration of an Appropriate Water Treatment Technology. New Delhi & Kingston: Teri & University of Rhode Island URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFThis report provides an overview of pathogen and organic trace compound content in water samples from three riverbank filtration (RBF) sites in Delhi, India. Based on the microbial results given in this report and the literature reviewed, it is concluded that RBF effectively reduces (indicator) bacteria and viruses even when the surface water is heavily polluted with pathogens.
SPRENGER, C. LORENSEN, G. PAKDEGER, A. (2006): Occurrence and Fate of Microbial Pathogens and Organic Compounds at Riverbank Filtration Sites in Delhi, India. Unknown: Techneau URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFAlpine Regions are regarded as a valuable source of clean drinking water and of great importance for hydropower use and flood protection. Management of sediments on the basis of experiences gained on the national level is needed to establish transnational actions to preserve existing reservoirs and to avoid uncontrolled exploitation by constructing new storage capacity.
HARTMANN, S. (2004): Sediment Management of Alpine Reservoirs Considering Ecological and Economical Aspects. Neubiberg: German Armed Forces University Munich URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFAn article on agricultural pollution, causes and its effects.
This paper looks into various studies on the status of lakes and reservoirs that have been carried out in Malaysia. It details out some of the major issues and problems faced in the areas of lake research, management, governance, capacity building, information management and stakeholder participation. The paper concludes with strategies and plans to consider as the way forward to overcome the issues.
SHARIP, Z. and ZAKARIA, S. (2008): Lakes and Reservoirs in Malaysia: Management and Challenges. URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFThere is widespread agreement that the Great Lakes presently are exhibiting symptoms of extreme stress. Many sources of pollution have been impacting the lakes for over a century. The conceptual model here indicates the importance of immediate and sustained action. It advocates using the principles of ecosystem-based management to restore and protect the Great Lakes. Without such action, the lakes could potentially suffer irreversible and catastrophic damage.
BAILS, J. BEETON, A. BULKLEY, J. DEPHILIP, M. GANNON, J. MURRAY, M. REGIER, H. SCAVIA, D. (2006): Prescription for Great Lakes Ecosystem Protection and Restoration. Ann Arbor: Great Lakes Information Network URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFThis technical paper explains the vulnerability of bank filtration systems to climate change like the effect of changing temperature or raw water quality and quantity. It also features a case study from Berlin, Germany, where 60% of the water abstracted from wells is due to bank filtration schemes.
HUELSHOFF, I. GRESKOWIAK, J. GRUETSMACHER, G. (2009): Analysis of the Vulnerability of Bank Filtration Systems to Climate Change by Comparing Their Effectiveness Under Varying Environmental Conditions. Unknown: Techneau URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDFThis report gives an overview of the opportunities that BF provides for developing and newly-industrialised countries. The information should support these countries in evaluating whether BF constitutes an attractive supplement or even alternative to their water supply system.
HUELSHOFF, I. GRESKOWIAK, J. WIESE, B. GRUETSMACHER, G. (2009): Relevance and Opportunities of Bank Filtration to Provide Safe Water for Developing and Newly-industrialised Countries. Unknown: Techneau URL [Accessed: 04.03.2019] PDF