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The present report discusses a questionnaire approach to determine the effects of hydropower in terms of environmental and social impacts and the efficiency of applied mitigation measures implemented worldwide. A key element of this work was a questionnaire survey based on five topics: identification of key issues, verification of impacts, mitigation measures and regulatory approval process.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (2000): Hydropower and the Environment: Survey of the Environmental and Social Impacts and the effectiveness of Mitigation Measures in Hydropower Development. Paris: International Energy Agency (IEA) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

Water and energy have crucial impacts on poverty alleviation both directly, as a number of the Millennium Development Goals depend on major improvements in access to water, sanitation, power and energy sources, and indirectly, as water and energy can be binding constraints on economic growth – the ultimate hope for widespread poverty reduction.The Report provides a comprehensive overview of major and emerging trends on water use and energy generation from around the world.

UNESCO (2014): The United Nations World Water Development Report 2014. Water and Energy. Paris: UNESCO. The United Nations World Water Development Report, vol.1 URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

SINGH, D. (2009): Micro Hydro Power Resource Assessment Handbook. New Delhi, India: Renewable Energy Cooperation- Network for the Asia Pacific (RECAP) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

This book is about ways of building and managing the various simple eco-toilets designs. It discusses the important subject of using the recycled materials in agriculture with the help of many working examples.

Morgan, P. (2014): An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa. A Compilation of Experiences. Harare: Aquamor URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

The Three Gorges Dam (TGD) and associated infrastructure is the largest integrated water project built in the history of the world. It has also been one of the most controversial due to its massive environmental, economic, and social impacts.

GLEICK, P. (2009): Water brief 3: Three Gorges Dam Project, Yangtze River, China. In: GLEICK, P. ; COOLEY, H. ; COHEN, M. ; MORIKAWA, M. ; MORRISON, J. ; PALANIAPPAN, M. ; (2009): The World’s Water 2008 – 2009. The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources. London: 139 – 150. URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

A floodplain is flat or nearly flat lowland bordering a stream or river that experiences occasional or periodic flooding. Read more about it in this document, which is illustrated with many photos from the field.

CRWP (n.y): Floodplain Restoration and Storm Water Management: Guidance and Case Study. Willoughby: Chagrin River Watershed Partners (CRWP), Inc. URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

LIMA, I. ; RAMOS, F. ; BAMBACE, L. ; ROSA, R. (2008): Methane Emissions from Large Dams as Renewable Energy Resources: A Developing Nation Perspective. In: Mitigation Adaptation Strategy Global Change: Volume 13 , 193 – 206. URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

This presentation includes an overview about water-driven waterwheels and is illustrated with photos, draws and sketches about the different water devices.

SAMMAN, M. (2005): Rediscovering the Waterwheel “Noria Al-Muhammadiyya”. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

A nice paper, illustrated with different pictures, about the possibilities of on-site detention.

UPRCT (n.y): What is On-site Stormwater Detention? . Parramatta: Upper Parramatta River Catchment Trust (UPRCT) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

This UN-Energy paper on the importance of energy for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)1 was drafted collectively by the UN agencies, programmes and organisations working in the area of energy, reflecting their insights and expertise. Currently, the available energy services fail to meet the needs of the poor. This situation entrenches poverty, constrains the delivery of social services, limits opportunities for women, and erodes environmental sustainability at the local, national and global levels. Much greater access to energy services is essential to address this situation and to support the achievement of the MDGs.

UN-HABITAT (2005): The Energy Challenge for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-HABITAT URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

AUCKLAND CITY COUNCIL (2010): Stormwater. Auckland (New Zealand): Auckland City Council URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

Smart Sanitation Solutions presents examples of low-cost household and community-based sanitation solutions that have proven effective and affordable. A wide range of innovative technologies for toilets, collection, transportation, treatment and use of sanitation products that have already helped thousands of poor families to improve their lives is illustrated.

NWP (2006): Smart Sanitation Solutions. Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for toilets, collection, transportation, treatment and use of sanitation products. (= Smart water solutions ). Amsterdam: Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

https://www.bfe.admin.ch/bfe/en/home/supply/renewable-energy/hydropower/large-scale-hydropower.html [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

The webpage of the Swiss government provides large information on concepts, reports and research programmes on large-scale hydropower development.

This short case study focus on the technical aspects and overall performance improved water mills in Nepal. These improved water mills have brought an increase in grinding capacity as well as direct benefits to woman (involved in new economic activities).

SHRESTHA, L.K. ; SHRESTHA G.R. (2006): Opening Productive Avenues for Rural Women through Improved Water Mills in Nepal. In: Energia News : Volume 9 , 8-10. URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

This factsheet provides information on the link between sanitation and agriculture as well as related implications on health, economy and environment. It shows examples of treating and using treated excreta and wastewater in a productive way and describes the potential for urban agriculture and resource recovery in rural areas. Institutional and legal aspects, business opportunities and how to manage associated health risks are also discussed

GENSCH, R. DAGERSKOG, L. WINKLER, M. VEENHUIZEN, R. van DRECHSEL, P. (2011): Productive Sanitation and the Link to Food Security. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2019]

Short description on a container gardening system for dry areas based on walls with built-in growth boxes made of hollow concrete blocks and developed by a Swedish horticulturist in Botswana.

WINBLAD, U. SIMPSON-HERBERT, M. (2004): Box 5.4 Vertical gardens in Gaberone, Botswana. In: WINBLAD, U. ; SIMPSON-HERBERT, M. ; (2004): Ecological Sanitation - revised and enlarged edition. (pdf presentation). Sweden: 83. URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]

Growing vegetables in containers can improve diets and raise incomes for urban residents in the Philippines.

AVRDC (2011): Small Spaces, Big Returns. Shanhua, Tainan: AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]

Paper on container gardening in Cagayan de Oro (Philippines) as a way of growing vegetables in urban areas.

DEVEZA, K. HOLMER, R. (2002): Container Gardening – A Way of Growing Vegetables in the City. Paper presented at the Urban Vegetable Gardening Seminar. Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines: Sundayag Sa Amihanang Mindanao Trade Expo URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]

The survey focuses on the determinants of success and failure and identifies knowledge gaps that influenced either adoption or disadoption by beneficiaries. A cost-effectiveness analysis is also undertaken to compare drip kits with traditional bucket irrigation. Finally, the study draws some conclusions and lessons that can be extrapolated beyond Zimbabwe to ensure that interventions aimed at smallholder-irrigated gardens have more sustainable impacts.

BELDER, P. ROHRBACH, D. TWOMLOW, S. SENZANJE, A. (2007): Can Drip Irrigation Improve the Livelihoods of Smallholders? Lessons Learned from Zimbabwe. Bulawayo: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]

This case study focuses on the water management of the Dodota spate irrigation system, the first large scale spate irrigation system in Ethiopia. This system in the Oromia state has been recently designed and constructed to establish food-self sufficiency in an area chronically affected by food deficits and supported by food aid for over 25 years. The following main research question guided this study: How is water management taking place in the new Dodota spate irrigation system and what are the impacts and effects for irrigation, soil conservation practices, and production?

HAM, J.P. van den (2008): Dodota Spate Irrigation System Ethiopia. A case study of Spate Irrigation Management and Livelihood options . Wageningen: Wageningen University URL [Accessed: 08.05.2019]