Perspectives are different frameworks from which to explore the knowledge around sustainable sanitation and water management. Perspectives are like filters: they compile and structure the information that relate to a given focus theme, region or context. This allows you to quickly navigate to the content of your particular interest while promoting the holistic understanding of sustainable sanitation and water management.
Selected examples of graphical user instruction for dehydration toilets.
GTZ (2006): Dehydration Toilets. User Instructions for Dehydration Toilets . (= Technical Data Sheets for Ecosan Components, 02-C2 ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]
This presentation exemplifies on how to increase maize production through the application of urine fertiliser.
MORGAN, P. SHANGWA, A. (2009): Using Urine to Increase Maize Production in Schools. The Chisungu Primary School Water and Sanitation project. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]
Short general description on dehydration toilets.
GTZ (2006): Dehydration Toilets. General Description . (= Technical Data Sheets for Ecosan Components, 02-A ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]
In Leh, a small town in Jammu and Kashmir, people try to replace traditional sanitation systems by waterborne toilet systems. This project tries to revitalise the traditional ecological sanitation practice that is threatened to fall into oblivion. Different improvements of the traditional Ladhaki toilets are suggested. Due to an extremely dry climate, it is possible to process human excreta indoors without prior diversion of urine, by using a combination of soil composting and dehydration.
DAWA, S. KREUTZER, G. PANESAR, A. (2009): Improved traditional composting toilets with urine diversion, Leh, Jammu and Kashmir State, India - draft. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]
This case studies reports form the implementation of ecosan toilets in the peri-urban area of Ouagadougou financed by the European Union. The aim of the project was to demonstrate ecosan on an urban level with a centralised collection and treatment facilities and commercialisation of hygienised urine and faeces.
FALL, A. (2009): Urban Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets and Reuse Ouagadougou Burkina Faso - Draft. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]
This publication discusses WAND’s experience in promoting ecological sanitation in flooded zones where pour-flush toilets are no longer effective and where people defecate in the open. In this project, promoting a decentralized sanitation system that is cheap, robust, appropriate, and scalable is possible.
SAYRE, E.V. SAYRE, J.C. (2011): Sanitation Solutions for Flooded Zones. The WAND Foundation Experience. London: Water, Agroforestry, Nutrition and Development Foundation (WAND) Inc URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]
Short general and technical description on dehydration toilets without urine diversion.
GTZ (2006): Dehydration Toilets. Dehydration toilets. Dehydration Toilets without Urine-diversion. (= Technical Data Sheets for Ecosan Components, 02-B3 ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]
The purpose of this guide is to present practical information on the handling, treatment, and disposal of septage in a concise, recommendations-oriented format for easy use by administrators of waste management programs, septage haulers, and managers or operators of septage handling facilities. The guide is not intended to provide detailed engineering design information.
U.S. EPA (1994): Guide to Septage Treatment and Disposal. (= EPA/625/R-94/002 ). Washingtion D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development URL [Accessed: 30.05.2019]Among other things, there is much information about the sewer collection system in the City of London, ON. There will be site specific situations where the design will depart from these practices as it is not possible nor is it the intention of the City to anticipate every situation.
This technical document contains information about small bore sewer systems.
OTIS, R. MARA, D. (1985): The Design of Small Bore Sewer Systems. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank URL [Accessed: 30.05.2019]
Among other things, there is much information about the sewer collection system in the City of London, (Ontario-Canada). There will be site-specific situations where the design will depart from these practices as it is not possible nor is it the intention of the City to anticipate every situation.
EESD (2003): Design Specification & Requirements Manual. Updated 2010. 4 Sewage Pumpoing Stations. London, Ontario (Canada): Environmental and Engineering Services Department (EESD) URL [Accessed: 30.05.2019]
This factsheet gives an overview about pressure sewer systems. It is illustrated with graphics and photos.
WERF (2010): Pressure Sewer System. Alexandria, Virginia: Water Environment Research Federation URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
This paper is an overview about the Swedish company ITT Water & Wastewater about its pressurised sewage system.
ITT (n.y): Flygt Pressurized Sewage Systems - For homeowners, residential associations and professionals. Sundbyberg: ITT Water & Wastewater URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
This paper investigates the state-sponsored low cost housing provided to previously disadvantaged communities in the City of Cape Town, South Africa. The design of state-subsidised houses and the construction of unplanned housing in the backyard added enormous pressure on the existing municipal infrastructure and the environment. Municipal water, sewerage systems and solid waste disposal cannot cope with the increased population density combined with the poor sanitation behaviour of the inhabitants of these settlements. The low-cost housing program in South Africa requires improved management and prudent policies to cope with the densification of state-funded low-cost housing settlements.
GOVENDER, T. BARNES, J.M. PIEPER, C.H. (2011): The Impact of Densification by Means of Informal Shacks in the Backyards of Low-Cost Houses on the Environment and Service Delivery in Cape Town, South Africa. Auckland: Libertas Academica URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
In the coastal area of Holden Beach (North Carolina), an AIRVAC vacuum wastewater collection system offers installation and operation advantages compared with gravity systems.
GARRET, C.S. (2008): Wastewater Alternative for Coastal Conditions. ceNEWS URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
This informed choice catalogue for community based wastewater treatment technologies helps to identify suitable sanitation options and facilitates the assessment of different sanitation system components with regard to stakeholder preferences. A powerful tool for technical bottom-up planning giving overall information about technical options at a "glance".
SANIMAS (2005): Informed Choice Catalogue. pdf presentation. BORDA and USAID URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
These pages describe advantages, applications, the functional principle and technical components of vacuum sewer systems.
ROEDIGER (2007): RoeVac Vacuum Sewer System. Hanau: Roediger Vacuum GmbH URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
Kennedy/Jenks Consultants was asked to solve a common waterfront problem – failing septic systems. After analysing the situation, the experts chose a grinder pump system.
MAYHEW, C. FITZWATER, R. (1998): Engineering Low Pressure Grinder Pump Sewer Systems. United States: Kennedy/Jenks Consultants URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
This paper summarise the most common types of field failure modes in water supply mains and pressure sewers and associated fittings and appurtenances.
WSAA (2003): Common Failure Modes in Pressurised Pipeline Systems. Melbourne and Sidney: Water Services Association of Australia URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]