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Guide to Septage Treatment and Disposal

The purpose of this guide is to present practical information on the handling, treatment, and disposal of septage in a concise, recommendations-oriented format for easy use by administrators of waste management programs, septage haulers, and managers or operators of septage handling facilities. The guide is not intended to provide detailed engineering design information.

U.S. EPA (1994): Guide to Septage Treatment and Disposal. (= EPA/625/R-94/002 ). Washingtion D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development URL [Accessed: 30.05.2019]
The Impact of Densification by Means of Informal Shacks in the Backyards of Low-Cost Houses on the Environment and Service Delivery in Cape Town, South Africa

This paper investigates the state-sponsored low cost housing provided to previously disadvantaged communities in the City of Cape Town, South Africa. The design of state-subsidised houses and the construction of unplanned housing in the backyard added enormous pressure on the existing municipal infrastructure and the environment. Municipal water, sewerage systems and solid waste disposal cannot cope with the increased population density combined with the poor sanitation behaviour of the inhabitants of these settlements. The low-cost housing program in South Africa requires improved management and prudent policies to cope with the densification of state-funded low-cost housing settlements.

GOVENDER, T. BARNES, J.M. PIEPER, C.H. (2011): The Impact of Densification by Means of Informal Shacks in the Backyards of Low-Cost Houses on the Environment and Service Delivery in Cape Town, South Africa. Auckland: Libertas Academica URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
Wastewater Alternative for Coastal Conditions

In the coastal area of Holden Beach (North Carolina), an AIRVAC vacuum wastewater collection system offers installation and operation advantages compared with gravity systems.

GARRET, C.S. (2008): Wastewater Alternative for Coastal Conditions. ceNEWS URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
Informed Choice Catalogue

This informed choice catalogue for community based wastewater treatment technologies helps to identify suitable sanitation options and facilitates the assessment of different sanitation system components with regard to stakeholder preferences. A powerful tool for technical bottom-up planning giving overall information about technical options at a "glance".

SANIMAS (2005): Informed Choice Catalogue. pdf presentation. BORDA and USAID URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
RoeVac Vacuum Sewer System

These pages describe advantages, applications, the functional principle and technical components of vacuum sewer systems.

ROEDIGER (2007): RoeVac Vacuum Sewer System. Hanau: Roediger Vacuum GmbH URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
Engineering Low Pressure Grinder Pump Sewer Systems

Kennedy/Jenks Consultants was asked to solve a common waterfront problem – failing septic systems. After analysing the situation, the experts chose a grinder pump system.

MAYHEW, C. FITZWATER, R. (1998): Engineering Low Pressure Grinder Pump Sewer Systems. United States: Kennedy/Jenks Consultants URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
Common Failure Modes in Pressurised Pipeline Systems

This paper summarise the most common types of field failure modes in water supply mains and pressure sewers and associated fittings and appurtenances.

WSAA (2003): Common Failure Modes in Pressurised Pipeline Systems. Melbourne and Sidney: Water Services Association of Australia URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
Pressure Sewer

This wastewater technology fact sheet is a detailed description of the pressurised sewer system. This factsheet describes the pressurised sewer system as an alternative option to conventional sewers. It describes the system as well as advantages/disadvantages, performance, costs and applicability.

U.S. EPA (2002): Pressure Sewer. Pennsylvania: United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
Vacuum Sewers: Design and Installation Guidelines

This is a very detailed lecture note about vacuum sewer systems. It contains descriptions, technical graphs and calculations about a vacuum sewer system.

PDH ENGINEER (2007): Vacuum Sewers: Design and Installation Guidelines. Alexandria, Virginia: Water Environment Federation URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
Pressure Sewer System.

The Schoalhaven City Council describes the system of pressurised sewering and its experiences.

SCHOALHAVEN WATER (n.y): Pressure Sewer System.. Shoalhaven: Shoalhaven City Council URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
Vacuum Technology (Low Pressure Systems)

This technical data sheet contains a general description as well as detailed information on different types of vacuum technologies.

GTZ (2005): Vacuum Technology (Low Pressure Systems). (= Technical Data Sheets for Ecosan Components, 04-B1 ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
Pressure Sewer System

This factsheet gives an overview about pressure sewer systems. It is illustrated with graphics and photos.

WERF (2010): Pressure Sewer System. Alexandria, Virginia: Water Environment Research Federation URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]
Sewers, Conventional Gravity

This factsheet deals with technical aspects of gravity sewers: applicability, advantages and disadvantages, design criteria, performance, O&M, costs, etc.

U.S. EPA (n.y): Sewers, Conventional Gravity. (= Collection Systems Technology Fact Sheets ). United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) URL [Accessed: 28.05.2019]