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This book puts forward ecological sanitation as an alternative to conventional sanitation, and was one of the very first of its kind. It documents different options of ecosan based on dehydrating and composting toilets in use around the world. The book has been reviewed and enlarged since then.

ESREY, S. A. ; GOUGH, J. ; RAPAPORT, D. ; SAWYER, R. ; MAYLING, S.H. ; VARGAS, J. ; WINBLAD, U. (1998): Ecological Sanitation. Stockholm: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This report presents the present state of knowledge about urine-separating toilets and systems for the recirculation of urine as an agricultural fertilizer. It contains a description of urine separation technology and how a system can be constructed for recirculating urine from residential districts to farmland. It also contains concrete recommendations about planning and management of the various components of the system.

JOHANSSON, M. (2000): Urine Separation - Closing the Nutrient Cycle. Final Report of the R&D Project: Source-Separated Human Urine - A Future Source of Fertilizer for Agriculture in the Stockholm Region. Stockholm: Stockholm Vatten, Stockholmshem & HSB National Federation URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

The Sphere Project is an initiative to determine and promote standards by which the global community responds to the plight of people affected by desasters. This handbook contains a humanitarian charter, protection principles and core standards in four disciplines: Water, sanitation and hygiene; food security and nutrition; shelter, settlements and non-food items; and health action.

THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011): Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. Bourton on Dunsmore: Practcal Action Publishing URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

SUSANA (2010): Decentralized Wastewater Management at Adarsh College Badalapur, Maharashtra, India. Factsheet. (= SuSanA - Factsheet ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

In areas that experience a seasonally high groundwater table or that are prone to flooding, constructing affordable on-site sanitation facilities can be very problematic. It is a challenge that affects many countries worldwide. This technical brief provides practical guidance on some sanitation options in such conditions.

PARRY-JONES, S. (1999): On-Site Sanitation in Areas with a High Groundwater Table. Leicestershire: , Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) Loughborough University URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

Selected examples of graphical user instruction for dehydration toilets.

GTZ (2006): Dehydration Toilets. User Instructions for Dehydration Toilets . (= Technical Data Sheets for Ecosan Components, 02-C2 ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This presentation exemplifies on how to increase maize production through the application of urine fertiliser.

MORGAN, P. SHANGWA, A. (2009): Using Urine to Increase Maize Production in Schools. The Chisungu Primary School Water and Sanitation project. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

Short general description on dehydration toilets.

GTZ (2006): Dehydration Toilets. General Description . (= Technical Data Sheets for Ecosan Components, 02-A ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

In Leh, a small town in Jammu and Kashmir, people try to replace traditional sanitation systems by waterborne toilet systems. This project tries to revitalise the traditional ecological sanitation practice that is threatened to fall into oblivion. Different improvements of the traditional Ladhaki toilets are suggested. Due to an extremely dry climate, it is possible to process human excreta indoors without prior diversion of urine, by using a combination of soil composting and dehydration.

DAWA, S. KREUTZER, G. PANESAR, A. (2009): Improved traditional composting toilets with urine diversion, Leh, Jammu and Kashmir State, India - draft. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This case studies reports form the implementation of ecosan toilets in the peri-urban area of Ouagadougou financed by the European Union. The aim of the project was to demonstrate ecosan on an urban level with a centralised collection and treatment facilities and commercialisation of hygienised urine and faeces.

FALL, A. (2009): Urban Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets and Reuse Ouagadougou Burkina Faso - Draft. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This publication discusses WAND’s experience in promoting ecological sanitation in flooded zones where pour-flush toilets are no longer effective and where people defecate in the open. In this project, promoting a decentralized sanitation system that is cheap, robust, appropriate, and scalable is possible.

SAYRE, E.V. SAYRE, J.C. (2011): Sanitation Solutions for Flooded Zones. The WAND Foundation Experience. London: Water, Agroforestry, Nutrition and Development Foundation (WAND) Inc URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

Short general and technical description on dehydration toilets without urine diversion.

GTZ (2006): Dehydration Toilets. Dehydration toilets. Dehydration Toilets without Urine-diversion. (= Technical Data Sheets for Ecosan Components, 02-B3 ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

U.S. EPA (n.y): Planning for Septic Systems - Use of Online Decentralized Systems in Developing Areas . Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Office of Research and Development. URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This document gives an introduction about why and how urine can be used in agriculture. It summarises a PhD studies which has been carried out on the evaluation of microbial health risks associated with the reuse of source separated human urine and gives some practical guidelines for urine reuse.

SCHOENNING (n.y): Urine Diversion - Hygienic Risks and Microbial Guidelines for Reuse. Solna: Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (SMI) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This book has been written to help all those involved in planning and implementing emergency sanitation programmes. The main focus is a systematic and structured approach to assessment and programme design. There is a strong emphasis on socio-cultural issues and community participation throughout.Includes an extensive “guidelines” section with rapid assessment instructions and details on programme design, planning and implementation.

HARVEY, P. BAGHRI, S. REED, B. (2002): Emergency Sanitation: Assessment and Programme Design. Loughborough: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

This document contains a worldwide list of suppliers for waterless urinals. The tables of suppliers provided here are not complete listings but give only an indication of available products. If you spot errors or omissions, please contact the authors at ecosan@giz.de. In the brackets below each listing the date for provision of the information/last update of information is given. Please be aware that not all information is from 2011. An entry in this list does not imply a recommendation by GIZ. Costs are indicative only.

MUENCH, E., v. WINKER, M. GIZ (2011): Appendix 1 for technology review of urine diversion components. Worldwide listing of suppliers for waterless urinals. (= Technology Review ). Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

Short general and technical description on single-vault UDDTs with movable containers.

GTZ (2006): Dehydration Toilets. Dehydration Toilet with movable containers . (= Technical Data Sheets for Ecosan Components, 02-B4 ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]

The purpose of this guide is to present practical information on the handling, treatment, and disposal of septage in a concise, recommendations-oriented format for easy use by administrators of waste management programs, septage haulers, and managers or operators of septage handling facilities. The guide is not intended to provide detailed engineering design information.

U.S. EPA (1994): Guide to Septage Treatment and Disposal. (= EPA/625/R-94/002 ). Washingtion D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development URL [Accessed: 30.05.2019]

http://www.london.ca/business/Resources/Consultant-Resources/Pages/Design-Specifications-and-Requirements-Manual.aspx [Accessed: 30.05.2019]

Among other things, there is much information about the sewer collection system in the City of London, ON. There will be site specific situations where the design will depart from these practices as it is not possible nor is it the intention of the City to anticipate every situation.

This technical document contains information about small bore sewer systems.

OTIS, R. MARA, D. (1985): The Design of Small Bore Sewer Systems. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank URL [Accessed: 30.05.2019]