Library

OXFAM (2007): Excreta Disposal for People with Physical Disabilities in Emergencies. (= Technical Brief ). London: Oxfam Publishing URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

JOHANNESSEN, A. (2011): Identifying Gaps in Emergency Sanitation. Design of New Kits to Increase Effectiveness in Emergencies. (= 2day Workshop, 22-23 February 2011 ). Stoutenburg: Oxfam & WASTE URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

https://akvopedia.org/wiki/Sanitation_Portal [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

The sanitation decision tool is based on the Eawag Sanitation Compendium and aims to give support in choosing the right sanitation chain components, from a spectrum of options. It shall help the user to find a tailored solution suitable for the specific context that the sanitation system will be placed in. The tool exists as a print and digital version.

PATEL, D. ; BROOKS, N. ; BASTABLE, A. (2011): Excreta Disposal in Emergencies. Bag and Peepoo Trials with Internally Displaced People in Port-au-Prince. In: Waterlines: Volume 30 , 1. URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

MUENCH, E. von ; WIRSEEN, C. ; PATEL, D. ; WHEATON, A. ; JACHNOW, A. (2009): Safer Sanitation in Slums and Emergency Settings with Peepoo Bags. In: Appropriate Technology: Volume 36 , 4. URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

A portable toilet appropriate for disaster response is presented in this report. The urine is diverted and the feces undergo a lactofermentation process. Biochar is added also to the feces to eliminate odor and facilitate the reuse of the excreta as a soil additive. The design, costs, logistics and expected challenges are discussed.

KINSTEDT, K. (2012): Design of a Portable Ecological Sanitation Toilet for Disaster Relief. Hamburg: Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection at the Technical University of Hamburg URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

This book supports in making informed decisions regarding wetland design.

KADLEC, R. H. WALLACE, S. D. (2009): Treatment Wetlands. 2nd Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

The project aimed at providing safe water supply and sanitation to the population resettled – after floods – in the less flood-prone Guara-Guara region in the Sofala Province, Mozambique. Since the area is characterised by high groundwater tables, so called “ventilated double vault urine diversion dehydration toilets” (UDDTs) were implemented to not contaminate the groundwater, and thus not threaten public health (unlike pit latrines).

FOGDE, M. MACARIO, L. PORSANI, J. (2011): UDDTs in Flood-response Project. Guara-Guara, Sofala Province, Mozambique. Case Study of Sustainable Sanitation Projects. Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance SuSanA URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

This manual discusses the capabilities of constructed wetlands, a functional design approach, and the management requirements to achieve the designed purpose. The manual also attempts to put the proper perspective on the appropriate use, design and performance of constructed wetlands. Furthermore, the document contains two case studies.

U.S. EPA (1999): Manual – Constructed Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewater. Washington D.C.: United States: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

This case study presents a post-rehabilitation project in Bangladesh after cyclone Sidr in 2007, which included provision of 100 twin vault UDDTs in rural villages. The three main challenges were finding an adequate place on the compound for the UDDTs, the use of UDDTs e.g. daily practices and maintenance, and the reuse of dried excreta.

DELEPIERE, A. (2011): Household UDDTs after cyclone disaster, Padma and Rohitra villages, Barishal Division, Bangladesh Case study of sustainable sanitation projects. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

Statistics of availability and type of latrine facility.

CHANDRAMOULI, C. (2012): Availability and Type of Latrine Facility: 2001-2011. New Dehli: Census of India, Government of India URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

OXFAM (2009): UD Toilets and Composting Toilets in Emergency Settings. (= Technical Brief ). London: Oxfam Publishing URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

How important is sanitation during a humanitarian crisis? Why is it important to explore ecological and sustainable sanitation? Groupe URD looks at the case of Eastern Chad, an example of a major long-term crisis. From an acute emergency in 2003, the crisis has gone through a number of phases. The appropriateness of aid mechanisms is currently being questioned, with a particular focus on sanitation. Sustainable sanitation can help to improve the quality of life of refugees and IDPs as well as local populations. From this perspective, what lessons from Eastern Chad could be useful in other contexts?

U.R.D. (2012): Humanitarian Crises and Sustainable Sanitation: Lessons from Eastern Chad. Plaisians: Groupe URD (Urgence Réhabilitation Développement) URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

Presentation of different types of constructed wetlands for various types of wastewater.

VYMAZAL, J. SENGUPTA, M. ; DALWANI, R. (2008): Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: A Review. (= Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12th World Lake Conference ). Czech Republic: ENKI, o.p.s. and Institute of Systems Biology and Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

MWASE, H. (2006): The Potential of Ecosan to provide Sustainable Sanitation in Emergency Situations and to achieve “Quick Wins” in MDGs. (= MSc Thesis Abstract ). Delft: UNESCO-IHE URL [Accessed: 09.06.2019]

This manual is a first approach to provide guidance on strategic planning of faecal sludge management. The study took place in the City of Nam Dinh, in Vietnam. The main principles for strategic sanitation planning have been adopted from the guide “Strategic Planning for Municipal Planning” from GHK Research and Training Ltd.

KLINGEL, F. MONTANGERO, A. KONE, M. STRAUSS, M. (2002): Fecal Sludge Management in Developing Countries - A Planning Manual. (= First Edition ). Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science (EAWAG) URL [Accessed: 08.06.2019]

This document compiles the experiences and lessons learnt from two urban sanitation projects: Maputo in Mozambique and Durban in South Africa

MORGAN, P. (2010): Challenges and Key Lessons in Improving Sanitation Services to the Urban Poor Drawing from East and Southern African Experience. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 08.06.2019]

This study conducted using two-stage lab-scale Subsurface Flow (SSF) and Free Water Surface (FWS) constructed wetland under influence of magnetic field to treating the leachate. Furthermore it includes a general description about the constructed wetland systems free water surface flow and subsurface flow.

SA’AT (2006): Subsurface Flow and Free Water Surface Flow Constructed Wetland with Magnetic Field for Leachate Treatment. Johor Bahru: University Teknologi Malaysia URL [Accessed: 08.06.2019]

This six-page document describes the basic design of a landfill and specially focuses on the siting criteria.

COINTREAU, S. (2004): Sanitary Landfill Design and Siting Criteria. Washington, DC: The World Bank URL [Accessed: 08.06.2019]

This study presents lessons that have been learned from the operation of pilot-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) for septage treatment since 1997. The experiments have been conducted by using three CW units planted with narrow-leave cattails (Typha augustifolia) and operating in a vertical-flow mode.

KOTTATEP, T. SURINKUL, N. POLPRASERT, C. KAMAL, A. S. M. KONE, D. MONTANGERO, A. HEINSS, U. STRAUSS, (2005): Treatment of Septage in Constructed Wetlands in Tropical Climate – Lessons Learnt after Seven Years of Operation. Duebendorf and Pathumthani: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (Eawag), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec) and Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) URL [Accessed: 06.06.2019]