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EMPOWERS was a four-year regional project at governorate, district and village level in Egypt, Jordan and Palestine. This publication is not a manual but it does provide guidance for those who think that tracking the obstacles and opportunities for change is important.

SCHOUTEN, T. MIZYED, B. AL-ZOUBI, R. ABU-ELSEOUD, M. ABD-ALHADI, F.T. (2007): The Inside Story – Process Documentation, Experiences from EMPOWERS. Amman: Inter-Islamic Network on Water Resources Development and Management (INWRDAM) URL [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

https://www.ircwash.org/news/sanitation-reference-package [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

IRC Sanitation Pack, SanPack for short, contains an overview of available methods, techniques and tools in a low-cost, non-sewered sanitation service model, including participatory approaches. It is a reference guide containing links to relevant documents explaining the different stages in the sanitation cycle.

This short booklet is written for leaders or members of self-help groups and describes how group-based impact monitoring works in a simple and easily understandable style.

GERMAN, D. GOHL, E. (1996): Participatory Impact Monitoring Booklet 1: Group-based impact monitoring. Eschborn: GATE/GTZ URL [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

PALDIN is an innovative, open, learning program with the aim of capacity building of adult educators. Unit 2 (process documentation) discusses the aims and objectives of the activity of documenting all processes of developing an adult learning setup, methods and tools used in it; such as process narration and flow charts. It also tells us how to conduct process documentation.

JAIN, S. MISHRA, M. DIGHE, A. GOSWAMI, P.R. (2006): Participatory Adult Learning, Documentation and Information Networking (PALDIN), Course 2. In: JOSEPH, J.A. ; (2006): Unit 2. Documentation Process. New Delhi: 13-26. URL [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

This training manual about Integrated Water Resources Management contains a module on indicators and its application.

TAYLOR, P. LIDEN, R. NDIRANGU, W. JIN, L. (2008): Integrated Water Resources Management for River Basin Organisations – Training Manual. Pretoria: International Network for Capacity Building in Integrated Water Resources Management (Cap-Net) URL [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

This short booklet explains the concept of participatory impact monitoring in depth, but in a simple and richly illustrated way.

GERMAN, D. GOHL, E. (1996): Participatory Impact Monitoring Booklet 4: The concept of participatory impact monitoring. Eschborn: GATE/GTZ URL [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

“Most Significant Change” is a tool that is used during a process documentation for analysing Information. This publication is aimed at organisations, community groups, students and academics who wish to use Most Significant Change to help monitor and evaluate their social change programs and projects, or to learn more about how it can be used. The technique is applicable in many different sectors, including agriculture, education and health, and especially in development programs.

DAVIES, R. DART, R. (2005): The “Most Significant Change” (MSC) Technique – A Guide to its Use. Cambridge, Hastings: URL [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

This paper compiles available information on indicators of drinking water quality within potable water distribution systems. The indicators include microbial and non-microbial parameters, for which sample collection and analyses could be performed to identify existing or potential problems, as well as other methods or tools that may similarly function as problem indicators.

EPA (2006): Distribution System Indicators of Drinking Water Quality. URL [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

In these paragraphs the author explores the concept of O&M, discusses certain myths about it; and suggests ways to improve it.

CARTER, R. C. (2009): Operation and Maintenance of Rural Water Supplies. In: Perspectives N° 2. St. Gallen: Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN): URL [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

This document sets out WaterAid’s framework for hygiene promotion and behaviour change in the countries where it works. It will also help organisations that work on hygiene in the context of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes.

WATERAID (2012): Hygiene framework. London: WaterAid URL [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

This Topic Brief describes a business model for delegated management of local water services, recently developed with WSUP support in the Kenyan Rift Valley town of Naivasha. This business model is designed to ensure affordable but high-quality services for consumers, profitability for the operators, and sufficient revenues for sustainable asset maintenance.

NORMAN, G. PARKER, S. WSUP (2011): Business models for delegated management of local water services: experience from Naivasha (Kenya). (= Topic Brief , 2 ). London: Water & Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) URL [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

BATJES, K. (2008): Toolkit Cartoon: Monitoring. Wageningen: The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) URL [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

The purpose of this handbook is to provide comprehensive information specifically on all aspects related to the treatment of water for domestic use. The focus is on the operational aspects of treatment.

SCHUTTE, F. WRC (2007): Handbook for the Operation of Water Treatment Works. Gezina: Water Research Commission (WRC) URL [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

Content in this issue: A Tool For Measuring The Effectiveness Of Handwashing p. 3-7; Five Best Practices Of Hygiene Promotion Interventions In the WASH Sector p. 8-9; Washing Your Hands With Soap: Why Is It Important? p. 10-11; Appropriate Sanitation Infrastructure At Schools Improves Access To Education p. 12-13; Management Of Menstruation For Girls Of School Going Age: Lessons Learnt From Pilot Work In Kwekwe p. 14 -15; WIN-SA Breaks The Silence On Menstrual Hygiene Management p. 16; Joining Hands To Help Keep Girls In Schools p. 17; The Girl-Child And Menstrual Management :The Stories Of Young Zimbabwean Girls. p. 18-19; Toilet Rehabilitation At Nciphizeni JSS And Mtyu JSS Schools p. 20 - 23; Celebratiing 100% sanitation p. 24 - 26.

WATER INFORMATION NETWORK (2012): Sanitation Matters - A Magazine for Southern Africa. South Africa: Water Information Network URL [Accessed: 19.06.2019]

From 2006 until the end of 2008, the HCES guidelines, and the concept of a participatory top-down/bottom-up planning approach, were tested in seven different urban and peri-urban sites across Africa, Asia and Latin America. Case studies from four of the seven sites are presented and analysed in this publication.

LUETHI, C. MOREL, A. KOHLER, P. TILLEY, E. (2009): People’s Choice First, A 4-Country Comparative Validation of the HCES Planning Approach for Environmental Sanitation. (= NCCR North-South Dialogue, no. 22 ). Bern: NCCR North-South URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council's mission is to achieve sustainable water supply, sanitation and hygiene for all people in the world. This is the annual report 2009 of WSSCC.

WSSCC (2009): 2009 Annual Report. Geneva: Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This factsheet introduces financial and economic costs and benefits in relation to sanitation systems. It provides an overview of analytical approaches for comparing sanitation interventions using financial and economic analyses and illustrates these using results from various studies.

PARKINSON, J. HUTTON, G. PFEIFFER, V. BLUME, S. FEIEREISEN, P. (2012): Financial and economic analysis - Factsheet of Working Group 2. Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

The publication provides an up-to-date summary of CLTS status, lessons and experiences from the region, and highlights some of the key areas that require further attention and better quality uptake of CLTS at country level, and as such guide in accelerating efforts for reaching open defecation free (ODF) status and overall sanitation and hygiene improvements at scale.

UNICEF (2013): Community-Led Total Sanitation in East Asia and Pacific . Progress, Lessons and Directions . Bangkok: UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office, Plan, WaterAid and Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This manual provides guidance and tools for designing a sanitation marketing program. It guides professionals in the fields of sanitation and marketing to comprehensively assess the current market for sanitation products and services and to use the results of this assessment to design a multi-pronged sanitation marketing strategy.

JENKINS, M. SCOTT, B. USAID HIP (2010): Sanitation Marketing for Managers. Guidance an Tools for Program Development. Washington DC: United States Agency for International Development Hygiene Improvement Project (USAID HIP) URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]

This report is the executive summary of the revision and update of the previous master plan prepared in 1993. It includes the results of studies, investigations and outline designs made in order to develop a strategy for the sewerage for the whole of Addis Ababa.

HENDRIKS, T. BEALE, D. (2002): Addis Ababa Wastewater Master plan – Executive Summary. URL [Accessed: 18.06.2019]