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This paper presents results of the lab-scale anaerobic filter and pilot-scale units of anaerobic baffled filter used for municipal wastewater treatment by low temperature.

BODIK, I. ; HERDOVA, B. ; KRATOCHVIL, K. (1999): The Application of Anaerobic Filter for Municipal Wastewater Treatment. In: Chemical Papers: Volume 54 , 159-164. URL [Accessed: 20.03.2015]

An entirely new anaerobic treatment process has been found to be particularly effective for the treatment of low strength soluble organic wastes.

YOUNG, J.C. ; MCCARTY, P.L. (1969): The Anaerobic Filter for Waste Treatment. In: Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation), Research Supplement to:: Volume 41 , 160-173. URL [Accessed: 20.03.2015]

Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the influence of media-related factors such as porosity, specific surface, and pore size on hydraulic behavior and performance of upflow anaerobic biofilters (ABFs).

TAY, J. ; SHOW, K. (1998): Media-Induced Hydraulic Behavior and Performance of Upflow Biofilters. In: Journal of Environmental Engineering: Volume 124 , 720-729. URL [Accessed: 20.03.2015]

A laboratory scale anaerobic filter packed with synthetic high surface area trickling filter media was used to treat a low strength domestic wastewater averaging 288 mg 1−1 COD. The filter was operated for 60 days after reaching steady-state at 20, 25, 35°C at a loading rate of 0.02 lb COD ft−3 day−1 and 24 h hydraulic retention time. Filter effluent BOD5 averaged 38 mg 1−1 providing an average removal rate of 79%, and effluent COD averaged 78 mg 1−1, corresponding to a 73% removal rate. Removal efficiencies showed very little sensitivity to daily fluctuations in influent wastewater quality. The filter performance at 25 and 35°C was not significantly different, but BOD and TSS removal efficiency declined a: 20°C. Gas production averaged 0.027 ft−3 of gas per ft3 of influent wastewater, or 1.875 ft3 of gas per pound of influent COD. Gas composition averaged 30% nitrogen, 65% methane, and 5% carbon dioxide. Ammonia nitrogen and sulfides both increased during treatment. It is concluded that the anaerobic filter is a promising candidate for treatment of low strength wastewaters and that post treatment for sulfides and ammonia may be necessary.

KOBAYASHI, H.A. ; STENSTROM, M.K. ; MAH, R.A. (1983): Treatment of Low Strength Domestic Wastewater Using the Anaerobic Filter. In: Water Research: Volume 17 , 903-909. URL [Accessed: 20.03.2015]

Septic tank soakage pit systems have been the common- est form of sewage disposal in urban and suburban Sri Lanka, where only parts of the Capital, Colombo, is served by a central sewer network. Virtually none of the other major cities and towns have any form of central sewer network. Even in Colombo, the coverage remains poor, with an estimated 1.7 million people (approximately 80 per cent of the metropolitan population of Greater Colombo) being dependent on on-site systems for sewage disposal (Fernando, 1994)

COREA, E.J.H. GAMAGE, I.R. WICKRAMANAYAKE, P.N. (1998): Anaerobic Filters for On-Site Sewage Treatment. (= Sanitation and Water for All: Proceedings of the 24th WEDC Conference Islamabad, Pakistan ). Leicestershire: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) URL [Accessed: 20.03.2015]

Anaerobic wastewater treatment is becoming an accepted technology for treating various types of wastewater. It is frequently used for medium to high strength wastewater (2,000 to 20,000 mgIL COD), but has had fewer applications to low strength wastewater 1,000 mgIL COD) especially in developed countries. In order to understand the applicability of anaerobic treatment for low strength wastewater, such as domestic wastewater, a literature review was performed. The review showed two main variations of anaerobic wastewater treatment techniques (anaerobic filter and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor) and a number of modifications of these two themes in 34 different countries with influent COD ranging from 58 mgIL to 62,000 mgIL.

CAKIR, F.Y. (2004): Anaerobic Treatment of Low Strength Wastewater. Dissertation. Los Angeles: University of California URL [Accessed: 20.03.2015]

The article discusses possibilities of municipal wastewater treatment in various types of anaerobic reactors (UASB, UAF, AnSBR). The temperature during corresponding laboratory experiments varied between 9–23 °C. Real wastewater from WWTP Bratislava-Petržalka and synthetic substrate were used in the experiments. The HRT values for reactors were found to be 10–46 h. Treatment of municipal wastewater with the AnSBR and UAF system has shown more positive results in laboratory scale studies then the UASB system. The mean removal efficiency of COD depended on the type of anaerobic reactor, temperature, used HRT and was found between 37–48% (UASB), 56–88% (AnSBR) and 46–90% (UAF).

BODIK, I. ; HERDOVA, B. ; DRTIL, A.M. (2000): Anaerobic Treatment of the Municipal Wastewater Under Psychrophilic Conditions. In: Bioprocess Engineering: Volume 22 , 385-390. URL [Accessed: 20.03.2015]

This paper presents the findings of the study on treatment of domestic wastewater using a laboratory scale Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (HUASB) reactor.

BANU, J.R. ; KALIAPPAN, S. ; YEOM, I.T. (2007): Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor. In: Journal of Environmental Science and Technology: Volume 4 , 363-370. URL [Accessed: 20.03.2015]

Paper on the design of anaerobic filters.

YOUNG, J.C. ; YANG, B.S. (1989): Design Considerations for Full-Scale Anaerobic Filters. In: Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation: Volume 61 , 1576-1587. URL [Accessed: 20.03.2015]

This paper deals with the process of waste treatment that has not been too well understood and consequently has not been as widely used as it might deserve. Part One discusses the advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic waste treatment, conventional practices and the present concepts of the microbiology and chemistry involved. Parts Two and Three will cover the environmental requirements for achieving control of the anaerobic process and preventing or correcting toxicity in the system. Part Four will outline the application of these various concepts in treatment plant design.

MCCARTY, P.L. (1964): Anaerobic Waste Treatment Fundamentals. In: Public Works: Volume 95 URL [Accessed: 20.03.2015]

Anaerobic reactors have been successfully installed in full-scale plants world-wide for treating high-strength industrial wastewater over the years. Recently, there has been significant interest in exploring this technology for treating low-strength domestic wastewater as well. Previously, it was thought that this was not practical as methane fermentative process was considered too slow to be able to treat the increasing volume of domestic sewage at a high rate. With technological advances and better understanding of anaerobic microbial characteristics in recent years, there is a potential that under control conditions, such barriers can be gradually overcome. The perspectives of using anaerobic pre-treatment for domestic sewage are discussed in this report to replace the conventional treatment methods. Feasibility of upflow anaerobic filter (UAF) in place of activated sludge process to pre-treat domestic wastewater is studied in this research.

KAVITHA K. (2009): Feasibility Study of Upflow Anaerobic Filter for Pre-Treatment of Municipal Wastewater. Master's Thesis. Singapore: Departement of Civil Engineering, National University Singapore URL [Accessed: 20.03.2015]

The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government is implementing Total Water Management (TWM) for the sustainable use of water resources. The TWM programme aims to manage the demand and supply in an integrated, multi-sectoral and sustainable manner. One of the key demand management initiatives of the TWM programme is the promotion of the use of water saving devices. The Government will take a lead to install water-saving devices in its buildings as far as practicable. In this connection, the Water Supplies Department of the HKSAR Government is implementing minor works projects for retrofitting plumbing appurtenance with water saving devices in Government buildings and schools.

CLG (2011): Retrofitting Plumbing Appurtenance with Water Saving Devices in Government Buildings and Schools. Climate Leadership Group (CLG) URL [Accessed: 19.03.2015]

Ecological restoration of Ahar River in Udaipur and the subsequent improvement of Udaisagar Lake have together become a landmark in the application of ILBM principles to successfully convert an aerobically dead river into a living lotic system. This was initiated in the ILBM meeting organized in August 2009 and then within 63 days the ecotechnological Green Bridge system was developed after getting four of the pillars – policy, institutions, finance and public participation to support knowledge and technology pillars to revitalize a terminal lake – Udaisagar Lake by treating the wastewaters flowing through the Ahar River.

KODARKAR, M. JOSHI, S. (n.y): ILBM Impact Story - Ecological Restoration of Highly Polluted Stretch of Ahar River, Udaipur and Ecological Improvement of Udaisagar Lake, Rajasthan, India. URL [Accessed: 19.03.2015]

The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), part of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) was formed in the year 2001. The vision of the council is, "To enable a sustainable built environment for all and facilitate India to be one of the global leaders in the sustainable built environment by 2025".

IGBC (n.y): Green Building Movement in India. Hyderabad: Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) URL [Accessed: 19.03.2015]

This EU Life+ RENEW water and energy project promoted the water-energy links and benefits to householders in the UK and tested how best to communicate this innovative message. Our initial research confirmed that consumer understanding of the impact of water and especially hot water use is low. At the onset of the project, only 8% of householders surveyed in our pilot areas made the link between saving water and saving energy when unprompted, demonstrating the need to raise awareness in this new area. The Energy Saving Trust and Waterwise launched an enhanced water and energy advice service in Cardiff, London and Edinburgh between January 2009 and April 2011. Funded by contributions from the LIFE+ financial instrument of the European Community, Department for Energy and Climate Change and the Scottish Government, these pilots were the first of their kind in Europe.

EST (2013): Case Study: EU Life+ Water and Energy Project. Energy Saving Trust URL [Accessed: 19.03.2015]

In the densely populated semi-arid territory around Delhi, the water demand is rising continuously, while the surface- and groundwater resources are threatened by contamination and over exploitation. This is a typical scenario in many newly industrialising and developing countries, where new approaches for a responsible resources management have to be found. Bank filtration holds a great potential, thus being a low tech method and benefiting from the storage and contaminant attenuation capacity of the natural soil/rock. For this study, three field sites have been constructed to investigate bank filtration in different environments in and around the megacity with a main focus on inorganic contaminants. Hydraulic heads, temperature gradients and hydrochemistry of surface water and ground water were analysed in three different seasons. Depending on site-specific conditions, distinct hydrogeological conditions were observed and both positive and negative effects on water quality were identified. Most concerning issues are the impact of anthropogenic ammonia, the mixing with ambient saline groundwater and the mobilisation of arsenic during the reductive dissolution of manganese- and iron-(hydr)oxides. Positive aspects are the dilution of contaminants during the mixing of waters from different sources, the sorption of arsenic, denitrification, and the precipitation of fluoride under favourable conditions.

LORENZEN, G. ; SPRENGER, C. ; TAUTE, T. ; PEKDEGER, A. ; MITTAL, A. ; MASSMANN, G. (2010): Assessment of the Potential for Bank Filtration in a Water-stressed Megacity (Delhi, India). In: Environmental Earth Sciences: Volume 61 , 1419-1434. URL [Accessed: 18.03.2015]

This publication is one of the three modules that comprise the second phase of the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling, which address health and environmental risks associated with water recycling. The guidelines as a whole, including this module, are designed to provide an authoritative reference that can be used to support beneficial and sustainable recycling of waters generated from sewage, grey water and stormwater, which represent an underused resource. The guidelines describe and support a broad range of recycling options, without advocating particular choices. It is up to communities as a whole to make decisions on uses of recycled water at individual locations. The intent of these guidelines is simply to provide the scientific basis for implementing those decisions in a safe and sustainable manner.

NRMMC Biotext (2009): Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managing Health and Environmental Risks (Phase 2). Managed Aquifer Recharge. (= National Water Quality Management Strategy Document , 24 ). Canberra: Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council, National Health and Medical Research Council URL [Accessed: 18.03.2015]

This review paper summarizes the ecological effects of the use of floodplains and flood retention basins to control river flow in the River Rhine (Rhein) valley. Early River Rhine regulation strategies including channel straightening are assessed. The subsequent disappearance of alluvial hardwood forests has been highlighted as the major disadvantage. The response of trees to more recent strategies such as ecological flooding is also assessed. Water quality and habitat improvements due to these ecological control techniques are identified as effective. The development of flood retention basin classification methodologies and floodplain management decision support systems particularly for the upper River Rhine Valley is recommended. The purpose is to aid communication among engineers and scientists, and to promote a holistic, integrated and international water resources management strategy, which would be relevant not only for the River Rhine valley but also for similar rivers in a temperate climate.

SCHOLZ, M. (2007): Ecological Effects of Water Retention in the River Rhine Valley. A Review Assisting Future Retention Basin Classification. In: International Journal of Environmental Studies: Volume 64 , 171-187. URL [Accessed: 17.03.2015]

CONTENTS Urban Floods: Case Study of Bangalore (T. V. Ramachandra and Pradeep P. Mujumdar) Urban Floods: Case Study of Mumbai (Kapil Gupta) Urban Floods: Case Study of Hyderabad (Kalpana Markandeya and G. Suryanarayana) Urban Floods: Case Study of Surat (N. J. Mistry) Flood Disaster Mitigation and Management: A Synthesis and Key Lessons (Anil Kumar Gupta)

NIDM (2009): Disaster & Development. Special Issue: Urban Floods-II. (= Journal of the National Institute of Disaster Management , 2 / 3 ). New Delhi: National Institute of Disaster Management URL [Accessed: 17.03.2015]

A practical guideline featuring best practices for rainwater harvesting in small Island Caribbean environments

CEHI (2009): Rainwater - Catch it While You Can. A Handbook on Rainwater Harvesting in the Carribean. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) URL [Accessed: 16.03.2015]