This document is addressed to planners and staff of water supply and sanitation projects on household and community level. The reader is guided through the main steps of informed choices regarding the main proven technologies for water supply, purification and water treatment at household and community level. Each technology is described in a small factsheet, regarding its functioning, actors and their roles, the main operation and maintenance (O&M) requirements and problems, which can occur.
BRIKKE, F. BREDERO, M. (2003): Linking Technology Choice with Operation and Maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation. A reference Document for Planners and Project Staff. Geneva: World Health Organization and IRC Water and Sanitation Centre URL [Accessed: 03.06.2018] PDFLibrary
The Safe Water Program Phase II is a 3-year project funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and Aqua for All, with the aim to increase access to safe water at global scale and to contribute to the human right to water through integration of the business models in the national regulation. Supported and documented businesses are ECCA and MinErgy in Nepal, PakoSwiss in Pakistan, Spring Health and TARA in India, Tinkisso in Guinea, and Hydrologic in Cambodia.
https://www.antenna.ch/en/activities/water-hygiene/scaling-up-safe-water/ [Accessed: 31.05.2018]Scaling up safe water
Hydrologic has produced an extended case study documenting its 14 year evolution from a donor-funded NGO project to a sustainable social enterprise.
HYDROLOGIC (2015): Hydrologic: Infiltrating the Market – Evolution of a Social Enterprise. URL [Accessed: 31.05.2018]This very comprehensive technical paper includes important background information, a detailed description of the principle of slow sand filtration and much information on the construction, design and implementation of slow sand filtration plants.
DIJK, J.C. van OOMEN, J.H.C. (1978): Slow Sand Filtration for Community Water Supply in Developing Countries. A Design and Construction Manual. (= IRC Technical Paper Series , 11 ). The Hague: International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply URL [Accessed: 30.05.2018]In the near future, sea-level rise will cause further saltwater intrusion into water resources, while an increasing number of water control structures will increase river salinity –threatening fresh water supplies for drinking and livelihoods, irreversibly impacting people’s lives and livelihoods. Desalination technologies typically require high energy inputs, as well as specialized maintenance procedures, to function sustainably – rendering them inappropriate for water production in low-income areas. The focus of this paper is the development of a ‘Road Map’ for scalable, low energy-input solutions for small-scale desalination.
Kathryn S. Boden Chinmayee V. Subban (2018): A Road Map for Small-Scale Desalination. An overview of existing and emerging technology solutions for cost-efficient and low-energy desalination in South and Southeast Asia. Oxford: Oxfam GB URL [Accessed: 28.05.2018] PDFEste documento es una guía metodológica que integra casos prácticos con principios y técnicas sobre la protección de aguas subterráneas, sobre todo en casos o situaciones de emergencia de peligros naturales o hidrológicos.
VRBA, J. (editor) and VERHAGEN, B. (editor) (2011): Groundwater for Emergency Situations: A Methodological Guide. Paris (France): UNESCO - International Hydrological Programme (IHP), Division of Water Science, IHP-VII Series on Groundwater No. 3. URL [Accessed: 27.05.2018] PDFA study on the adsorption of fluoride onto hydroxyapatite was conducted and the process parameters were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
MOURABET, M. ; EL RHILASSI, A. ; EL BOUJAADY, H. ; BENNANI-ZIATNI, M. ; EL HAMRI, R. ; TAITAI, A. (2015): Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by adsorption on hydroxyapatite (HAP) using response surface methodology.. In: Journal of Saudi Chemical Society: Volume 19 , 603-615. URL [Accessed: 23.05.2018]The report suggests that emerging trends in low-cost, decentralised naturally-based infrastructure and urban wastewater management which promote the recovery and reuse of wastewater resources are increasingly relevant. Technologies for these sanitation options are presented. The concept of managing urban wastewater flows at a decentralised or "intermediate" level, based on micro watersheds, is explored. Effluent treatment standards that are currently accepted in order to protect public health and safety are reviewed.
ROSE, D.G. (1999): Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse- options for urban agriculture. (= Cities Feeding People (CFP) Report Series. , 27 ). Ottawa: International Development Research Center Canada (IDRC) URL [Accessed: 23.05.2018]This paper provides insights on scientific research on the development of hydroxyapatite nanorods (nHAp) and hydroxyapatite/chitosan nanocomposite (nHApCs) for the removal of lead ions from aqueous lead-containing solutions in a batch adsorption experiment.
Mohammad, A. ; Salah Eldin, T. ; Hassan, M. Bahgat E.El-Anadoulia ; El-Anadoulia, B. (2017): Efficient Treatment of Lead-containing Wastewater by Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan Nanostructures.. In: Arabian Journal of Chemistry: Volume 10 , 683-690. URL [Accessed: 23.05.2018]