المُلخص التنفيذي
المُرشِّح اللاهوائي Anaerobic Filter هو عبارة عن مُفاعل حيوي ذي قاعدة ترشيح ثابتة Fixed-bed Biological Reactor مع غُرفة واحدة أو أكثر للترشيح على التوالي. عندما تتدفق مياه الصرف الصحي خلال المُرشِّح فإن الكتلة الحيوية النشطة العالقة على سطح مواد المُرشِّح تقوم بامتصاص الجسيمات وتُحلل المواد العضوية.
يمكن - بواسطة هذه التقنية - إزالة المواد الصلبة العالقة وتخفيض الاحتياج الحيوي للأكسجين بنسبة تصل إلى 90%، ولكنها عادة ما تكون بين 50% و 80%. كما أن إزالة النيتروجين تكون محدودة وعادة لا تتخطى نسبة 15% من النيتروجين الكلي (TN).
| المُدخلات | المُخرَجات |
|---|---|
التدفقات السائلة الخارجة، المياه السوداء، المياه البنية، المياه الرمادية |
التدفقات السائلة الخارجة، الحمأة |
المُلاءَمَة
هذه التقنية سهلة التطبيق ويمكن استخدامها على مستوى المنزل في الأحياء السكنية الصغيرة أو المُجمّعات السكنية الكبيرة. وتُعتبر هذه التقنية مناسبة جدًّا في حالة وجود كميات ثابتة من المياه السوداء والمياه الرمادية. ويمكن استخدام المُرشِّح اللاهوائي للمعالجة الثانوية؛ لتقليل معدلات الحِمل العضوي من أجل المعالجة الهوائية اللاحقة، أو للتخلص التام من الحِمل العضوي.
تُعتبر هذه التقنية مناسبة لمساحات الأراضي المحدودة لأن الخزَّان يتم بناؤه تحت الأرض غالبًا ويتطلب مساحة صغيرة. ويجب مراعاة إمكانية وصول شاحنات الشفط إلى موقع الخزَّان لإزالة الحمأة.
يمكن إنشاء المُرشِّحات اللاهوائية في أي مناخ، ولكن الكفاءة ستكون أقل في المناخات الباردة. كما أنها ليست فعالة في إزالة المغذيات ومسببات الأمراض. واعتمادًا على مادة المُرشِّح يمكن تحقيق الإزالة الكاملة لبويضات الديدان. وعادة ما تتطلب التدفقات السائلة الخارجة من المُرشِّح المزيد من المعالجة.
اعتبارات التصميم
تُعتبر عمليات المعالجة الأولية والابتدائية ضرورية لإزالة المواد الصلبة والقمامة التي قد تسُد مسام المُرشِّح. تتم إزالة معظم الرواسب الصلبة في غُرفة الترسيب الأمامية للمُرشِّح اللاهوائي. وتحتوي الوحدات الصغيرة القائمة بذاتها على غُرفة ترسيب مُدمجة، ولكن يمكن أن تتم عملية الترسيب الأولية في حَوْض ترسيب ابتدائي منفصل )أو في تقنية أخرى سابقة (مثل خزَّانات التحليل والتخمير) Septic Tanks( التصميمات التي لا تحتوي على غُرفة ترسيب مُدمجة - كما هو الحال في - تُعتبر ذات أهمية خاصة لمحطات المعالجة )شبه( المركزية التي تجمع المُرشِّح اللاهوائي مع تقنيات أخرى مثل المُفاعل اللاهوائي ذي الحواجز (
يتم تشغيل المُرشِّحات اللاهوائية عادة بنظام التدفق إلى الأعلى (العلوي)؛ لتجنب خطر نزح الكتلة الحيوية الثابتة للخارج. ويجب أن يرتفع منسوب المياه فوق المُرشِّح بحوالي 0.3 متر على الأقل لضمان تدفق متجانس. ويُعتبر زمن البقاء الهيدروليكي Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) هو أهم محددات التصميم تأثيرًا على أداء المُرشِّح، ويوصى بأن يكون من 12 إلى 36 ساعة.
المُرشِّح المثالي ينبغي أن تكون مساحة سطح جزيئاته كبيرة لنمو البكتيريا، وبمسامات واسعة بما فيه الكفاية لمنع الانسدادات. وتضمن المساحة السطحية الكبيرة للجزيئات زيادة التلامس بين المادة العضوية والكتلة الحيوية العالقة مما يجعلها تتحلل بكفاءة. وينبغي أن توفر مادة المُرشِّح - في الحالة المثالية - ما بين 90 إلى 300 متر مربع من المساحة السطحية لكل متر مكعب من الحجم المملوء من المُفاعل، وتتراوح أقطار مادة المُرشِّح المثالية ما بين 12 إلى 55 ملليمتر. تتضمن المواد الشائعة الاستخدام في المُرشِّحات: الحصى، أو الصخور المجروشة، أو الطوب المجروش، أو الجمر، أو الحجر الاسفنجي )حجر الخُفَّان(، أو قطع البلاستيك المصنعة خصيصًا لهذا الغرض، وهذا يعتمد على ما هو متوافر محليًّا. ويُمكن تصميم الوصلات بين الغرف باستخدام الأنابيب الرأسية أو الحواجز. كما أن إمكانية الوصول لكل الغُرف - عبر فتحات الوصول - ضرورية للصيانة. ويجب تهوية الخزَّان بطريقة مُحكمة للسماح بخروج الروائح والغازات الضارة.
الجوانب الصحية / القبول
يجب ألا يتعامل المُستخدمون بشكل مُباشر مع التدفقات السائلة الداخلة والخارجة تحت ظروف التشغيل العادية؛ فيجب التعامل بحذر مع التدفقات السائلة الخارجة والخبث )الزَّبَد) والحمأة؛ حيثُ إنَّها تحتوي على مُستويات عالية من الكائنات الحية المُسببة للأمراض. وتحتوي التدفقات السائلة الخارجة على مُرَكّبات لها رائحة قد تتطلب إزالتها في مرحلة أخرى إضافية. وينبغي الحرص عند تصميم وتحديد موقع المُنشأة بحيث لا تُزعِج هذه الروائح أفراد المجتمع.
التشغيل والصيانة
يتطلب المُرشِّح اللاهوائي فترة بدء تشغيل من ستة إلى تسعة أشهر حتى يصل إلى المرحلة التي يُمكنه فيها المعالجة بكامل قدرته؛ وذلك بسبب بُطء نُمُو الكُتلة الحيوية اللاهوائية التي تحتاج أن تثبُت أولًا على مادة المُرشِّح. ولتقليل فترة بدء التشغيل؛ فإنَّ المُرشِّح يُمكن أن يُلقَّح بالبكتيريا اللاهوائية، على سبيل المثال: رش حمأة من خزَّان التحليل والتخمير على مادة المُرشِّح، كما ينبغى زيادة التدفق بالتدريج مع مرور الوقت. وبسبب البِيئة الحساسة؛ فإنَّه ينبغي الحرص على عدم وصول المواد الكيميائية القاسية وصعبة المُعالجة في المُرشِّح اللاهوائي.
يجب مُراقبة مستويات الحمأة والخبث )الزَّبَد( لضمان عمل الخزّان بشكل جيد، فمع مرور الوقت فإن المواد الصلبة سوف تَسُد مسام المُرشِّح، كما ستنمو أيضًا الكتلة البكتيرية لتصبح سميكة جدًّا وتنفصل وتَسُد المسام. ويجب تنظيف المُرشِّح عندما تقل كفاءته، ويتم ذلك عن طريق تشغيل النظام في الوضع العكسي )الغسيل العكسي( أو عن طريق إزالة مادة المُرشِّح وتنظيفها.
الصرف الصحي الموقعي والمركزي - للمدن والتجمعات السكانية الصغيرة
الدليل الارشادى لادارة المياة الرمادية على مستوى المنزل فى التجمعات السكنية الصغيرة فى البادية الشمالية الشرقية الاردن
مدخل الى حوض التحليل الصحى
DEWATS / Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
The website of BORDA explains what DEWATs are, describes why DEWATS are necessary, shows good practices for hospitals, agroindustries and communities and lists benefits of decentralized wastewater treatment.
BORDA (2014): DEWATS / Decentralized Wastewater Treatment. Bremen: Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association (BORDA) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighbourhoods
This report compiles international experience in greywater management on household and neighbourhood level in low and middle-income countries. The documented systems, which vary significantly in terms of complexity, performance and costs, range from simple systems for single-house applications (e.g. local infiltration or garden irrigation) to rather complex treatment trains for neighbourhoods (e.g. series of vertical and horizontal-flow planted soil filters).
MOREL, A. DIENER, S. (2006): Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighbourhoods. (= SANDEC Report No. 14/06 ). Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) URL [Accessed: 27.05.2019]Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse- options for urban agriculture
The report suggests that emerging trends in low-cost, decentralised naturally-based infrastructure and urban wastewater management which promote the recovery and reuse of wastewater resources are increasingly relevant. Technologies for these sanitation options are presented. The concept of managing urban wastewater flows at a decentralised or "intermediate" level, based on micro watersheds, is explored. Effluent treatment standards that are currently accepted in order to protect public health and safety are reviewed.
ROSE, D.G. (1999): Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse- options for urban agriculture. (= Cities Feeding People (CFP) Report Series. , 27 ). Ottawa: International Development Research Center Canada (IDRC) URL [Accessed: 23.05.2018]Informed Choice Catalogue
This informed choice catalogue for community based wastewater treatment technologies helps to identify suitable sanitation options and facilitates the assessment of different sanitation system components with regard to stakeholder preferences. A powerful tool for technical bottom-up planning giving overall information about technical options at a "glance".
SANIMAS (2005): Informed Choice Catalogue. pdf presentation. BORDA and USAID URL [Accessed: 29.05.2019]DEWATS
Exhaustive report on technological, operational and economic aspects of decentralised waste water treatment systems. Spreadsheet examples support the reader in designing and planning waste water treatment systems components.
SASSE, L. BORDA (1998): DEWATS. Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. Bremen: Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association (BORDA) URL [Accessed: 03.06.2019]Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions Volume 1
Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions gives a state-of-the-art presentation of the science and technology of biological wastewater treatment, particularly domestic sewage. The book covers the main treatment processes used worldwide with wastewater treatment in warm climate regions given a particular emphasis where simple, affordable and sustainable solutions are required. The 55 chapters are divided into 7 parts over two volumes: Volume One: (1) Introduction to wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal; (2) Basic principles of wastewater treatment; (3) Stabilisation ponds; (4) Anaerobic reactors; Volume Two (also available in the SSWM library): (5) Activated sludge; (6) Aerobic biofilm reactors; (7) Sludge treatment and disposal.
SPERLING, M. von LEMOS CHERNICHARO, C.A. de (2005): Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions Volume 1. London: International Water Association (IWA) Publishing URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E., ULRICH L., LÜTHI, C., REYMOND P. and ZURBRÜGG C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) URL [Accessed: 03.05.2023] PDFCompendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E., LUETHI, C., MOREL, A., ZURBRUEGG, C. and SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) and Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) URL [Accessed: 15.02.2010] PDFOnsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual Technology Fact Sheet 5. Fixed-Film Processes
Technical factsheet on aerobic fixed-film processes (trickling filters and rotating biological contactors). Applications, main design assumptions, performance and maintenance are discussed.
U.S.EPA (2002): Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual Technology Fact Sheet 5. Fixed-Film Processes. المُدخلات: U.S.EPA (1980): Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual. 008.Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic)
This is the Arabic version of the Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. The Compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E. ULRICH, L. LUETHI, C. REYMOND, P. SCHERTENLEIB, R. ZURBRUEGG, C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic). 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) PDFOnsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual
Rather old design manual for onsite wastewater treatment options. However, valuable information on established systems such as septic tanks, sand filters, aerobic treatment units (suspended growth and fixed film), disinfection, nutrient removal as well as wastewater segregation and recycling are given. Additional information is given on disposal methods and appurtenances.
U.S.EPA (1980): Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual. (= EPA 625/1-80 , 12 ). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Office of Research and DevelopmentGreywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighbourhoods
This report compiles international experience in greywater management on household and neighbourhood level in low and middle-income countries. The documented systems, which vary significantly in terms of complexity, performance and costs, range from simple systems for single-house applications (e.g. local infiltration or garden irrigation) to rather complex treatment trains for neighbourhoods (e.g. series of vertical and horizontal-flow planted soil filters).
MOREL, A. DIENER, S. (2006): Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighbourhoods. (= SANDEC Report No. 14/06 ). Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) URL [Accessed: 27.05.2019]DEWATS
Exhaustive report on technological, operational and economic aspects of decentralised waste water treatment systems. Spreadsheet examples support the reader in designing and planning waste water treatment systems components.
SASSE, L. BORDA (1998): DEWATS. Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. Bremen: Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association (BORDA) URL [Accessed: 03.06.2019]Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse- options for urban agriculture
The report suggests that emerging trends in low-cost, decentralised naturally-based infrastructure and urban wastewater management which promote the recovery and reuse of wastewater resources are increasingly relevant. Technologies for these sanitation options are presented. The concept of managing urban wastewater flows at a decentralised or "intermediate" level, based on micro watersheds, is explored. Effluent treatment standards that are currently accepted in order to protect public health and safety are reviewed.
ROSE, D.G. (1999): Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse- options for urban agriculture. (= Cities Feeding People (CFP) Report Series. , 27 ). Ottawa: International Development Research Center Canada (IDRC) URL [Accessed: 23.05.2018]How to Select Appropriate Technical Solutions for Sanitation
The purpose of this guide is to assist local contracting authorities and their partners in identifying those sanitation technologies best suited to the different contexts that exist within their town. The first part of the guide contains a planning process and a set of criteria to be completed; these assist you in characterizing each area of intervention so that you are then in a position to identify the most appropriate technical solutions. The second part of the guide consists of technical factsheets which give a practical overview of the technical and economic characteristics, the operating principle and the pros and cons of the 29 sanitation technology options most commonly used in sub-Saharan Africa.
MONVOIS, J. GABERT, J. FRENOUX, C. GUILLAUME, M. (2010): How to Select Appropriate Technical Solutions for Sanitation. (= Six Methodological Guides for a Water and Sanitation Services' Development Strategy , 4 ). Cotonou and Paris: Partenariat pour le Développement Municipal (PDM) and Programme Solidarité Eau (pS-Eau) URL [Accessed: 19.10.2011]Anaerobic Reactors
Anaerobic Reactors is the forth volume in the series Biological Wastewater Treatment. The fundamentals of anaerobic treatment are presented in detail, including its applicability, microbiology, biochemistry and main reactor configurations. Two reactor types are analysed in more detail, namely anaerobic filters and especially UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactors. Particular attention is also devoted to the post-treatment of the effluents from the anaerobic reactors. The book presents in a clear and informative way the main concepts, working principles, expected removal efficiencies, design criteria, design examples, construction aspects and operational guidelines for anaerobic reactors.
LEMOS CHERNICHARO, C.A. de (2007): Anaerobic Reactors. (= Biological Wastewater Treatment Series , 4 ). London: International Water Association (IWA) Publishing. [Accessed: 01.11.2013]Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions Volume 1
Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions gives a state-of-the-art presentation of the science and technology of biological wastewater treatment, particularly domestic sewage. The book covers the main treatment processes used worldwide with wastewater treatment in warm climate regions given a particular emphasis where simple, affordable and sustainable solutions are required. The 55 chapters are divided into 7 parts over two volumes: Volume One: (1) Introduction to wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal; (2) Basic principles of wastewater treatment; (3) Stabilisation ponds; (4) Anaerobic reactors; Volume Two (also available in the SSWM library): (5) Activated sludge; (6) Aerobic biofilm reactors; (7) Sludge treatment and disposal.
SPERLING, M. von LEMOS CHERNICHARO, C.A. de (2005): Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions Volume 1. London: International Water Association (IWA) Publishing URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition
This compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies.
TILLEY, E., ULRICH L., LÜTHI, C., REYMOND P. and ZURBRÜGG C. (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 2nd Revised Edition. Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) URL [Accessed: 03.05.2023] PDFGreywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighbourhoods
This report compiles international experience in greywater management on household and neighbourhood level in low and middle-income countries. The documented systems, which vary significantly in terms of complexity, performance and costs, range from simple systems for single-house applications (e.g. local infiltration or garden irrigation) to rather complex treatment trains for neighbourhoods (e.g. series of vertical and horizontal-flow planted soil filters).
MOREL, A. DIENER, S. (2006): Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighbourhoods. (= SANDEC Report No. 14/06 ). Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) URL [Accessed: 27.05.2019]Decentralised greywater reuse for irrigation in peri-urban areas
The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) provided financial assistance to an applied research project on greywater treatment and reuse for home garden irrigation in 25 low-income households in Ein Al Beida village, southern Jordan. The main objective was to help the peri-urban poor in Jordan preserve precious freshwater, achieve food security and generate income, while helping to protect the environment. An anaerobic vertical flow filter (AVF) and an anaerobic up-flow filter (AUF) were tested in parallel.
MOREL, A. DIENER, S. (2006): Decentralised greywater reuse for irrigation in peri-urban areas. Case study from Ein Al Beida, Jordan. المُدخلات: MOREL, A. ; DIENER, S. ; (2006): Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighbourhoods. Duebendorf: 69-72.Decentralised wastewater treatment – New Concepts and Technologies for Vietnamese Conditions
The authors describe results from experiments on treatment of domestic wastewater by baffled septic tanks with an anaerobic filter that could be a feasible option for on-site wastewater treatment in residential areas of Vietnam.
VIET ANH, N. DUC HA, T. HIEU NHUE, T. HEINSS, U. MOREL, A. MOURA, M. SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2003): Decentralised wastewater treatment – New Concepts and Technologies for Vietnamese Conditions . Luebeck: IWA and GTZDecentralized Wastewater Treatment System - DEWATS
The wastewater from Manjuyod’s public market is treated in a decentralized system (DEWATS) composed of four different components: a settling tank; a anaerobic baffled reactor which reduces the BOD/COD content from 20% to 85%; a planted gravel filter; and finally a polishing pond.
BORDA (2008): Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System - DEWATS. Manjuyod Public Market. (= Sustainable Sanitation – Project Data Sheet ). Bremen: Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association (BORDA) URL [Accessed: 26.03.2010]Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Methods for Developing Countries
Different operation and maintenance options are presented with respect to sustainable plant operation, the use of local resources, knowledge, and manpower.
NATURGERECHTE TECHNOLOGIEN, BAU- UND WIRTSCHAFTSBERATUNG (TBW) GmbH (2001): Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Methods for Developing Countries. GTZ and GATESanitation Systems and Technologies. Lecture Notes
Lecture notes on technical and non-technical aspects of sanitation systems in developing countries.
EAWAG/SANDEC (2008): Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Lecture Notes . (= Sandec Training Tool 1.0, Module 4 ). Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC)Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Presentation
PDF presentation on the technical and non-technical aspects of sanitation systems in developing countries.
EAWAG/SANDEC (2008): Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Presentation. (= Sandec Training Tool 1.0, Module 4 ). Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (Eawag), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec)