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Problems with the operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation have long been recognised as key constraints to the sustainability of these services. In order to address these problems in both urban and rural areas of developing countries, this document proposes a framework for management and tools for assessing the status of operation and maintenance (O&M) through measurement and evaluation of performance.

WHO (2000): Tools for Assessing the O&M Status of Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Accessed: 02.04.2012] PDF

WATERFOOTPRINT (2010): Glossary. Enschede: Water Footprint Network URL [Accessed: 02.04.2012]

This booklet on water technologies gives examples of innovations such as the use of sunlight to purify water, effective low-cost water filters, low-cost drip irrigation and locally produced hand pumps that are five times cheaper than imported pumps.

NWP (2006): Smart Water Solutions. Examples of Innovative, Low-cost Technologies for Wells, Pumps, Storage, Irrigation and Water Treatment. The Hague: Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) URL [Accessed: 02.04.2012] PDF

This review carefully summarises the growing body of research on storing, handling and treating water in the home. In doing so, it builds on the pioneering report on household water management prepared by professor Mark Sobsey for the World Health Organisation (WHO). It provides compelling evidence that interventions to improve the microbial quality of water at the point of use are as effective as other environmental measures, such as hygiene and sanitation, in preventing diarrhoeal disease.

NATH, K.J. BLOOMFIELD, S. JONES, M. (2006): Household Water Storage, Handling and Point-of-Use Treatment. Somerset (UK): International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (IFH) URL [Accessed: 02.04.2012]

BARTLE, P. (2008): Preparing a Community Action Plan. Province of British Colombia: CEC Community Empowerment Collective URL [Accessed: 02.04.2012]

This document presents conclusions of five years of work devoted to the assessment of available technology and management options for the wide-scale implementation of community water supply systems.

ARLOSOROFF, S. TSCHANNERL, G. GREY, D. JOURNEY, W. KARP, A. LANGENEFFER, O. ROCHE, R. (1987): Community Water Supply. The Handpump Option. Washington D.C.: THE WORLD BANK URL [Accessed: 02.04.2012]

AZIYUDDIN, M. (2012): Nominal Group Technique Discussion. Malaysia: EOSH Environmental, Occupational Safety&Health. [Accessed: 02.04.2012]

To measure the impact of the pedal pump on the farmers’ life in Tanzania, a survey has been carried out in Magoma, a village of Korogwe District, where the pumps have been implanted by the Swiss-based NGO W3W.

FALCOZ, C. SEUROT, E. (2009): Survey on social economic and agronomic impact of the installation of the Swiss Concrete Pedal Pump in Tanzania. Report. Morogoro: : ENSAIA, Engineering Schoof of Agronomy, Nancy PDF

DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY (2004): Shistosomiasis Research Group. Cambridge: Division of Microbiology and Parasitology Department of Pathology (University of Cambridge) URL [Accessed: 02.04.2012]

HUBERT, P. (n.y): International Glossary of Hydrology. Fontainebleau: Hubert Pierre URL [Accessed: 02.04.2012]

HOLDEN, R. SWENEPOEL, T. (2004): Introductory Guide to Appropriate Solution for Water and Sanitation. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) URL [Accessed: 02.04.2012]

This technical brief outlines the main types of human and animal water-lifting devices used for irrigation.

OLLEY, J. (2008): Human- and Animal-powered Water Lifting Devices for Irrigation. Rugby: Practical Action URL [Accessed: 02.04.2012] PDF

The Technology Information Packages (TIPs) provide technology selection guidelines for UNICEF WASH programme officers and partner organisations. They describe various different technologies and suggest how a programme using these technologies could be implemented.

MONTANEGRO, A. BAUMANN, E. SUTTON, S. ERPF, K. (2010): WASH Technology Information Packages – for UNICEF WASH Programme and Supply Personnel. Copenhagen: UNICEF URL [Accessed: 02.04.2012] PDF

http://www.noriaproject.com/ [Accessed: 30.03.2012]

This is a website that host information on the Noria project, that aims to meet local people around the world and visit the project on water subjects in order to observe and report the importance for the economy of this vital resource.

http://www.aepc.gov.np/ [Accessed: 30.03.2012]

This is an official website from the government of Nepal with the objective of developing and promoting renewable energy technologies in the country. There is a special section that contains documents, description, and photos on improved water mills.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozJP3YKOT94 [Accessed: 30.03.2012]

This video shows the improved water mills project in Nepal, developed by the Centre of Rural Technology. The documentary describes how the project was initiated and all the different actors involved (e.g. manufactures, service centres, farmers) in the improved water mills.

This case study presents a resume of the programme to upgrade traditional water mills in remote villages in Nepal. The technological aspects as well as cost and environmental and social benefits are included in this document.

CENTRE FOR RURAL TECHNOLOGY (2007): Ashden Awards Case Study. Kathmandu, Nepal: Centre for Rural Technology Nepal. [Accessed: 30.03.2012] PDF

PRONK, W. (2011): Nanofiltration and Nanofunctionalised Membranes State of Art and Examples of Application. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG). [Accessed: 29.03.2012]

This factsheet summarises the health problems, which are created by contaminated water and gives you an overview of small-scale water storage options.

CDC ; U.S. AID (2009): Preventing Diarrheal Disease in Developing Countries: Safe Storage of Drinking Water. Atlanta and Washington D.C.: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and U.S. Aid. Publisher URL [Accessed: 29.03.2012]

CDC (2012): The CDC SWS Container. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) URL [Accessed: 29.03.2012]