This study examines the quality improvement of surface water by direct filtration with Strychnos Potatorum seed or Moringa Oleifera seed as the coagulant and assesses the suitability for home water treatment in rural areas of developing countries.
BABU, R. ; CHAUDHURI, M. (2005): Home Water Treatment by Direct Filtration with Natural Coagulant. In: Journal of Water and Health: Volume 3 , 27-30. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]Library
This study investigated the effectiveness of the Moringa oleifera coagulant for the removal of turbidity, bacteria, and natural organic matter (NOM) from natural surface water. The results obtained were compared with inorganic coagulants of alum and ferric chloride.
ABALIWANO, J.K. GHEBREMICHAEL, K.A. AMY, G.L. (2008): Application of the Purified Moringa Oleifera Coagulant for Surface Water Treatment. Watermill Working Paper Series No. 5). Delft: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]This paper describes experiments using chitosan coagulant (a natural organic polyelectrolyte) on textile industry wastewater. The results obtained proved that chitosan successfully flocculates the anionic suspended particles and reduces the levels of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and turbidity in textile industry wastewater.
ABU HASSAN, M.A. ; LI, T.P. ; NOOR, Z.Z. (2009): Coagulation and Flocculation of Wastewater in Textile Industry using Chitosan. In: Journal of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering: Volume 4 , 43-53. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]This research assesses the agro based materials like Surjana seed (Moringa oleifera), Nirmali seed (Strychnos pototorum) and maize (Zeemays) as a coagulant aid in conjunction with alum to determine their efficacy in water treatment. Experiments have been conducted simulating a conventional water treatment train consisting of coagulation-flocculation-settling and granular media filtration. They found that filtrate quality has improved with the use of agro-based materials.
RAGHUWANSHI, P.K. ; MANDLOI, M. ; SHARMA, A.J. ; MALVIYA, H.S. ; CHAUDARI, S. (2002): Improving Filtrate Quality Using Agro based Materials as Coagulant Aid. In: Water Quality Research Journal of Canada: Volume 37 , 745-756. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019] PDFA two-page factsheet on PUR flocculant and disinfectant powder with field and lab, containing information on effectiveness, advantages and limitations and implementation examples.
CDC ; USAID (2008): Flocculant/Disinfectant Powder . (= CDC Household Water Treatment Options in Developing Countries Factsheets ). New York: Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and United States Agency for International Development (USAID) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]Should I have my water tested? The answer to this question depends on several factors. It concerns your health and the health of your family, so you need to know some basic facts.
U.S. EPA (2005): Home Water Testing. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]A four-page factsheet containing product information on the procedure of using PUR flocculant and disinfectant powder, its treatment efficiency, operating criteria and other relevant information’s related to PUR.
CAWST (2009): PUR. Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST). Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]This research was carried out in Matlab, Bangladesh in collaboration with the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. They found significant filtering of zooplankton (i.e. copepods) and colonial phytoplankton from household water by nylon and sari filtration, as well as reduction of cholera cases in the studied villages.
COLWELL, R.R. ; HUQ, A. ; ISLAM, M.S. ; AZIZ, K.M.A. ; YUNUS, M. ; KHAN, N.H. ; MAHMUD, A. ; SACK, R.B. ; NAIR, G.B. ; CHAKRABORTY, J. ; SACK, D.A. ; RUSSEK-COHEN, E. (2003): Reduction of cholera in Bangladeshi villages by simple filtration. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS): Volume 100 , 1051-1055. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]In this study, volcanic ash and Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) were investigated as indigenous materials for drinking water treatment based on problems identified at Kampala and Masaka water treatment plants in Uganda.
KALIBBALA, H.M. (2007): Application of Indigenous Materials in Drinking Water Treatment. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]In this study, the coagulant properties of Opuntia spp., a species of cactus, are quantitatively evaluated.
MILLER, S.M. ; FUGATE, E.J. ; CRAVER, V.O. ; SMITH, J.A. ; ZIMMERMAN, J.B. (2008): Toward Understanding the Efficacy and Mechanism of Opuntia spp. As a Natural Coagulant for Potential Application in Water Treatment. In: Environmental Science & Technology: Volume 42 , 4274–4279. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]This series of articles proposes a general overview of many aspects related to ion exchange for residential water treatment. Among other, historic aspects, manufacturing process, softening process, technical aspects, applications in toxic metallic ions removal are covered.
KELLER, M.C. (2005): Basic Ion Exchange for Residential Water Treatment Part 2. In: Water Conditioning and Purification: URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]One-page factsheet containing information on effectiveness, appropriateness, acceptability and costs of straining.
CAWST (2009): Straining. Fact Sheets - Simplified. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets - Simplified ). Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]This paper includes findings of a twelve-week effectiveness study of point of use water treatment with flocculant-disinfectant among 400 households in camps for displaced populations in Monrovia, Liberia.
DOOCY, S. ; BURNHAM, G. (2006): Point-of-use Water Treatment and Diarrhoea Reduction in the Emergency Context: an Effectiveness Trial in Liberia. In: Tropical Medicine and International Health: Volume 11 , 1542-1552. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]This report describes an evaluation of an integrated ion exchange regeneration process for perchlorate treatment in drinking water. Integrated ion exchange combines: conventional ion exchange with perchlorate selective resin for wellhead treatment of perchlorate contaminated water, regeneration of resin using tetrachloroferrate (FeCl4-) anion and then returning the resin to service, and the destruction or disposal of perchlorate recovered from the resin.
DOD ; SERDP ; ESTCP (2010): Integrated Ion Exchange Regeneration Process for Perchlorate in Drinking Water. Alexandria (USA): US Department of Defense (DoD), Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]The intent of this paper is to provide cursory information about coagulation, flocculation and clarification. This knowledge will provide a basis for understanding the needs of the customer wishing to monitor these processes.
ENGELHARDT, R.L. (2010): Coagulation, Flocculation and Clarification of Drinking Water. HACH company URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]