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The semi-structured interview is the most common form of interviewing. In it, the interviewer has worked out a set of questions beforehand, but intends the interview to be conversational. To do so, the interviewer can change the order of the questions or the way they are worded. He or she can give explanations or leave out questions that may appear redundant. So, the main job is to get the interviewer to talk freely and openly while making sure you get the in-depth information on what you are researching.

WEST LOTHIAN COUNCIL (2004): 8. Semi-structured interview. In: West Lothian Council Psychological Services, Research Guidelines. Livingston: West Lothian Council, pp.38-39. URL [Accessed: 30.06.2019]

The Cap-Net manual is an introduction to essential parts of integrated water resource management (IWRM). Chapter 2 consists of management planning for IWRM, which provides good information about stakeholder process as well.

CAP-NET (2005): Integrated Water Resources Management Plans. Training Manual and Operational Guide. Pretoria: Cap-Net URL [Accessed: 30.06.2019]

Community engagement in water and sanitation service delivery is key for ensuring project sustainability and accountability. This Topic Brief looks at community engagement approaches used by WSUP in three cities within the African Cities for the Future (ACF) programme: Antananarivo (Madagascar), Kumasi (Ghana) and Maputo (Mozambique). The Topic Brief highlights some of the key challenges, and ends with practical recommendations for programme managers about how to engage low-income communities in the design of water supply and sanitation projects.

WSUP (2013): Getting communities engaged in water and sanitation projects: participatory design and consumer feedback. London: Water & Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) URL [Accessed: 30.06.2019]

Activities, facts and slogans to use to motivate young teens to wash their hands with soap. Gives tips and advice on how to motivate school staff and students.

CDC ; AMERICAN CLEANING INSTITUTE (2003): Healthy Schools, Healthy People: A cross-curricular, school-wide education program for middle schools. Atlanta: Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) URL [Accessed: 30.06.2019]

This document provides good advice how to use semi-structured interviews by asking the right questions.

LEECH, B. L. (2002): Asking Questions: Techniques for Semi structured Interviews. In: Political Science and Politics: Volume 35 , 4. URL [Accessed: 30.06.2019]

This Master Thesis describes a field study that was conducted to understand the multiple perspectives on water and sanitation issues at the biggest slum (Kisnyi) in Kampala, Uganda. Soft Systems Methodology was used, including the drawing of a rich picture by stakeholders.

BEREKET, N. (2009): Water Supply and Sanitation at Kisnyi Slum, Uganda– A Study on Institutional and Stakeholder Perspectives on the Major Issues. Master Thesis. Uppsala, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences URL [Accessed: 30.06.2019]

This study uses rich pictures In a university teaching environment which aims to encourage students to adopt deep learning (seeking meaning) approaches when learning about information systems. The use and reaction to rich pictures by third year university students are described and illustrated.

HORAN, P. (2000): Using Rich Pictures in Information Systems Teaching. (= (=Proceedings of the first International Conference on Systems Thinking in Management, Geeling, Australia, November 8-10, 2000) ). University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University URL [Accessed: 30.06.2019]

CAP-NET (2008): Integrated Water Resource Management for River Basin Organisations. Training Manual. Pretoria: CAP-NET URL [Accessed: 30.06.2019]

This short PowerPoint presentation explains in a brief way how to do a stakeholder analysis and also contains empty tables that can be directly used for analysing stakeholders.

PUBLIC SECTOR IMPROVEMENT FACILITY (n.y): Stakeholder Analysis. URL [Accessed: 30.06.2019]

Ten key points that are prerequisite for successful municipal wastewater management. They cover policy issues, management approaches, technology selection and financing mechanisms.

UNEP ; WHO ; UN-HABITAT ; WSSCC (2003): 10 Keys for Local and National Action . The Hague: United Nations Environment Programme Global Programme of Action (UNEP/GPA), Coordination Office URL [Accessed: 30.06.2019]

This guidance note provides a step-by-step manual on how to do a stakeholder analysis. Effective strategies for stakeholder participation must be based on good analysis of individuals, groups, and institutions with an interest in a project.

ODA (1995): Guidance Note on how to do Stakeholder Analysis of Aid Projects and Programmes. London: Overseas Development Department (ODA) URL [Accessed: 30.06.2019]

ZEEUW, H. WILBERS, J. (2004): PRA Tools For Studying Urban Agriculture And Gender. Leusden: RUAF URL [Accessed: 29.06.2019]

This document is an example of a transect walk conducted in Tshwane in order to analyse the community vulnerability of informal settlements.

STADEN, D. van ROGERS, E. MAKAUDI, I. WINKLER, J. WHITE, J. KANGALE, M. RUDMAN, N. NKOSI, S. DREYER, T.R. COETZER, T. (2006): A transect walk undertaken in Itereleng informal settlement to observe community vulnerability. Pretoria: City of Tshwane Metropolitan URL [Accessed: 29.06.2019]

This publication provides some simple strategies for facilitators leading a participatory mapping process. While there are many aspects of participatory mapping, the document focuses primarily on stakeholder involvement.

NOOA (2009): Stakeholder Engagement Strategies for Participatory Mapping. Charlston: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) URL [Accessed: 29.06.2019]

FAO (2003): Facilitator’s reference material. Annex. Rome: FAO URL [Accessed: 29.06.2019]

This paper describes the transect walk as a method and contains some visual examples of transect diagrams and maps.

WORLD BANK (n.y): Tool name: Transect Walk. Washington, DC: World Bank URL [Accessed: 29.06.2019]

This document contains and describes the application of various participatory tools such as transect walks, well-being ranking and matrix ranking.

INTERCOOPERATION (2005): Participatory Monitoring And Evaluation. Field Experiences. Hyderabad: Intercooperation URL [Accessed: 29.06.2019]

Providing water and sanitation services to the urban poor often takes place in contexts with complex formal and informal land ownership arrangements. How can these challenges be overcome? Drawing on WSUP’s experience in the African Cities for the Future (ACF) programme, this Topic Brief gives an overview of this area, and discusses possible solutions. The Topic Brief also offers practical guidance for programme managers.

WSUP (2013): Dealing with land tenure and tenancy challenges in water and sanitation services delivery . London: Water & Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) URL [Accessed: 24.06.2019]

The benefits of hygiene promotion are generally not prioritised and the costs of hygiene promotion are poorly understood and therefore not adequately budgeted into programming. In this study WASHCost examined hygiene promotion and associated costs in Ghana, Mozambique, and Burkina Faso, looking at interventions that targeted latrine use and faecal containment, hand washing with soap, and the protection of drinking water.

IRC (2013): Hygiene Promotion. How Effective Is It? How Much Does It Cost? . (= WASHCost Infosheet , 5 ). The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Center (IRC) URL [Accessed: 24.06.2019]

This document includes a section for advocacy, presenting an overview of many ideas and initiatives with emphasis on practical suggestions and clues. It is not a guidebook for planning your advocacy work but it might be a great knowledge source and starting point for your activities.

SCHAAP, W. STEENBERGEN, F. van (2001): Ideas for Water Awareness Campaigns. Stockholm: The Global Water Partnership URL [Accessed: 24.06.2019]