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Communities can protect water resources by instituting minimum requirements for organic matter in soil. Compost, much of which is generated locally, when incorporated into soil improves water holding capacity and soil quality. By incorporating compost into soil for establishment of lawns and landscape plantings, water used for irrigation is conserved and the potential for groundwater contamination is reduced. Read more about it in this paper.

AGRESOURCE (2012): Protecting Local Water Resources by Amending Soil with Compost. Amesbury: Agresource Inc URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]

Conservation agriculture is presented in this handbook of the World Food and Agriculture Organisation FAO and aims to produce high crop yields while reducing production costs, maintaining the soil fertility and conserving water. It is a way to achieve sustainable agriculture and improve livelihoods. Chapter 5 concentrates on soil cover.

FAO (2005): Conservation Agriculture - Chapter 5: Soil Cover. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]

This technical document describes the formation and control of gullies. The severity of gully development depends on a number of factors including soil type, vegetation, rainfall, concentrated flow, and human disturbances. Gullies can erode hillslopes and fill stream channels with sediment. Unchecked, they erode and deliver sediment through a variety of processes that cause loss in soil productivity, channel entrenchment, and headward expansion into the landscape. To best select a design alternative, the desired results of the landowner must be understood along with the character of the gully and its potential impacts.

USACE (2007): Gullies and their Control. New Concord: US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]

Small-scale water providers continue to supply water to many parts of Metro Manila, the Philippines. The study found that a high proportion of the poor rely on water services supplied by small-scale water providers, but that these households pay a higher unit rate for the water than their more affluent neighbours. The study yields a number of recommendations, including rationalizing the price of water for poor customers, improving service efficiencies to reduce the costs of supplying water, and developing collaborative relationships among the government regulator, utility, and small-scale water providers.

WSP (2004): The Experience of Small-Scale Water Providers in Serving the Poor in Metro Manila. Washington, D.C.: The Water and Sanitation Programme of the World Bank Group URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]

This is a short manual about mulch. It explains the benefits of proper mulching, types of mulch and the problems if they are used improperly.

ISA (2005): Proper Mulching Techniques. Champaign: International Society of Arboriculture URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]

http://www.theworldcafe.com/ [Accessed: 08.07.2019]

Website maintained by the World Café Community Foundation, containing diverse information about the method.

This briefing tries to raise awareness of the links between water issues and conflict and focuses on integrating conflict prevention and natural resource management. The paper discusses direct links between water and conflicts as well as indirect links. In addition, several options and instruments of conflict management are presented.

KRAMER, A. (2004): Water and Conflict. Policy briefing for USAID. Washington DC: Adelphi Research, Center for International Forestry Research, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars URL [Accessed: 08.07.2019]

The conflict analysis tools tip sheet summarises seven tools that can be used to assess different conflict characteristics in a more structured way. The aim of the tools is to make subjective conflict perceptions more transparent, and to enhance reflection and communication. The tools presented are: Conflict wheel, conflict tree, conflict mapping, glasl's escalation model, conflict perspective analysis, needs-fears mapping, and a multi-causal role model.

MASON, S. RYCHARD, S. (2005): Conflict Analysis Tools - Tip Sheet. Bern: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Conflict Prevention and Transformation Division (COPRET) URL [Accessed: 08.07.2019]

This training course teaches a set of skills that will help water resources decision makers prevent conflict, deal with conflict should it arise, and use water decisions as a venue for dialogue when others are closed to parties locked in various types of non-water conflicts. Topics include: Identification of the characteristics of effective participatory, consensus building, and conflict management processes. Identification of behaviours that escalate conflict during a dispute with other agencies, stakeholders, or the public – and identification of behaviours that halt this escalation.

DELLI PRISCOLI, J. (2003): Participation, Concensus Building and Conflict Management Training Course. Paris: UNESCO – Division of Water Sciences URL [Accessed: 08.07.2019]

Although this document is mainly prepared for companies, it also helps to find out about strategy development within a community as it shows the most important steps to take.

KAPLAN, R. S. NORTON, D. P. BARROWS, E.A. (2008): Developing the Strategy: Vision, Value Gaps, and Analysis. Balanced Scorecard Report. Boston: Harvard Business School URL [Accessed: 08.07.2019]

OHRD (2010): Conflict Resolution. University of Wisconsin: Office of Human Resource Development (OHRD) URL [Accessed: 08.07.2019]

SCHIEFFER, A. ; ISAACS, D. ; GYLLENPALM, B. (2004): The World Café. Part One. In: Transformation: Volume 18 , 1-9. URL [Accessed: 08.07.2019]

This three-page factsheet provides short but top-notch information about conflict management. It presents knowledge, tips and skills that are useful in conflict resolution and describes steps to manage a potential conflict.

NRCS (2005): Conflict Management. Greensboro: Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Social Sciences Team URL [Accessed: 08.07.2019]

The SWOT analysis was applied to analyse the capacity of two villages in Madagascar to increase their investment in water and sanitation projects.

DIBNER-DUNLAP, A. HUSSAINI, N. MORCHED, D. SOBHANI, N. SON, H. VAZQUEZ, V. (2009): A Review of Local Tax Policy to Expand Water & Sanitation Access. Prepared For WaterAid Madagascar and WaterAid America. New York (USA): School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University URL [Accessed: 07.07.2019]

A SWOT analysis of the Nile Basin Initiative, which is a transboundary river basin management programme. In this paper, the whole initiative is being analysed by a SWOT analysis.

BELAY, A.A. ; SEMAKULA, H.M. ; WAMBURA, G.J. ; JAN, L. (2010): SWOT Analysis and Challenges of Nile Basin Initiative: An Integrated Water Resource Management Perspective. In: Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 8: , 8-17. URL [Accessed: 07.07.2019]

The Communities That Care (CTC) coalition started in 2002 as a group of community members interested in addressing alcohol, tobacco and other drug use among youth. The CTC coalition’s community action plan outlines the programs, policies and practices to be implemented and specifies measurable desired outcomes in terms of teen behaviour as well as process measures of the coalitions’ progress toward meeting these goals. Though not from the water and sanitation context, this is still a valuable study to understand community action plans in practice.

CTC Collation (2005): Communities That Care Coalition. Community Action Plan. Massachusetts: CTC Collation URL [Accessed: 07.07.2019]

Spain is a country where water can be scarce and as result of this water scarcity, conflicts between different stakeholders can arise. Information and participation is essential to solve conflicts and scenario building helps to understand problems and main issues which could strengthen further in future.

MARTINEZ-SANTOS, P. VARELA-ORTEGA, C. HERNANDED-MORA, N. (2007): Making inroads towards adaptive water management through stakeholder involvement, the NeWater experience in the Upper Guadiana basin, Spain. (= =Proceeding of the CAIWA International Conference on Adaptive & integrated Water Management, 12th to 15th November 2007; Session E4 ). URL [Accessed: 07.07.2019]

This SEAGA Field Handbook is written for development agents who work directly with local communities in developing countries. It is intended for outsiders such as extensionists, government and non-government field workers, and private- and public-sector development consultants, and for insiders such as community organisers and leaders of local groups and institutions. The purpose of this handbook is to support participatory development planning at the community level.

FAO (2001): Field Level Handbook. SEAGA Socio-Economic and Gender Analysis Programme. Rome (Italy): FAO URL [Accessed: 07.07.2019]

This handbook introduces various participatory tools used within the participatory rural appraisal framework.

ADEBO, S. (2000): Training Manual on Participatory Rural Appraisal. Addis Ababa: My Fire Community URL [Accessed: 07.07.2019]

A concrete example about the use of Venn diagrams and what they can detect. The use of Venn diagram is simple, but it is not without any problems as this example shows.

FARNWORTH, C.R. (1998): Musing on the use of chapati diagrams. In: PLA Notes 1998: Volume 31 , 9-12. URL [Accessed: 07.07.2019]