Perspectives are different frameworks from which to explore the knowledge around sustainable sanitation and water management. Perspectives are like filters: they compile and structure the information that relate to a given focus theme, region or context. This allows you to quickly navigate to the content of your particular interest while promoting the holistic understanding of sustainable sanitation and water management.
Targeted reforestation is likely to be a more cost-effective strategy to manage salinity rather than broad scale land use change.
HEANEY, A. ; BEARE, S. ; BELL, R. (2000): Targeting Reforestation for Salinity Management. In: Australian Commodities: Volume 7 , 511-518. URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
The irrigated area of Pakistan mostly falls in the arid to semi-arid climatic region. Potential evapotranspiration is considerably higher, compared to rainfall received and hence, there is need to conserve soil moisture for better crop production/tree plantation. The broad objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of different mulching materials on moisture conservation, soil properties and plant growth. The tested options were: no mulching; placement of rice straw; placement of polythene sheet; mechanical loosening of soil.
CHAUDHRY, M.R. ; MALIK, A.A. ; SIDHU, M. (2004): Mulching Impact on Moisture Conservation - Soil Properties and Plant Growth. In: Pakistan Journal of Water Resources: Volume 8 URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
Conservation agriculture is presented in this handbook of the World Food and Agriculture Organisation FAO and aims to produce high crop yields while reducing production costs, maintaining the soil fertility and conserving water. It is a way to achieve sustainable agriculture and improve livelihoods. Chapter 5 concentrates on soil cover.
FAO (2005): Conservation Agriculture - Chapter 5: Soil Cover. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
Communities can protect water resources by instituting minimum requirements for organic matter in soil. Compost, much of which is generated locally, when incorporated into soil improves water holding capacity and soil quality. By incorporating compost into soil for establishment of lawns and landscape plantings, water used for irrigation is conserved and the potential for groundwater contamination is reduced. Read more about it in this paper.
AGRESOURCE (2012): Protecting Local Water Resources by Amending Soil with Compost. Amesbury: Agresource Inc URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
This is a short manual about mulch. It explains the benefits of proper mulching, types of mulch and the problems if they are used improperly.
ISA (2005): Proper Mulching Techniques. Champaign: International Society of Arboriculture URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
This technical document describes the formation and control of gullies. The severity of gully development depends on a number of factors including soil type, vegetation, rainfall, concentrated flow, and human disturbances. Gullies can erode hillslopes and fill stream channels with sediment. Unchecked, they erode and deliver sediment through a variety of processes that cause loss in soil productivity, channel entrenchment, and headward expansion into the landscape. To best select a design alternative, the desired results of the landowner must be understood along with the character of the gully and its potential impacts.
USACE (2007): Gullies and their Control. New Concord: US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
Small-scale water providers continue to supply water to many parts of Metro Manila, the Philippines. The study found that a high proportion of the poor rely on water services supplied by small-scale water providers, but that these households pay a higher unit rate for the water than their more affluent neighbours. The study yields a number of recommendations, including rationalizing the price of water for poor customers, improving service efficiencies to reduce the costs of supplying water, and developing collaborative relationships among the government regulator, utility, and small-scale water providers.
WSP (2004): The Experience of Small-Scale Water Providers in Serving the Poor in Metro Manila. Washington, D.C.: The Water and Sanitation Programme of the World Bank Group URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
This report is the concluding document of the study, Agricultural Drainage: Toward an Interdisciplinary and Integrated Approach, under the Bank-Netherlands Partnership Program-Environment/Water Resources Management Window. The study spanned more than two years of literature reviews, field investigations, and analysis. Work included case studies in six countries representing a cross-section of drainage situations in different climatic zones.
SAFWAT, A.D. HOEVENAARS, J. MOLLINGA, P.P. SCHEUMANN, W. SLOOTWEG, R. STEENBERGEN, F. van (2004): Reclaiming Drainage. Toward an Integrated Approach. Washington D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
The purpose of this guidebook is to serve as guidance for those interested in developing a land-use change and forestry project under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. The guidebook has been created by Winrock International, in collaboration with the International Tropical Timber Organization.
ITTO (2006): Guidebook: For the Formulation of Afforestation and Reforestation Projects under the Clean Development Mechanism. Yokohama: International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
A project report showing the potential of controlled drainage in around the world with a focus chapter on the Egypt and India. The paper includes influencing factors such as social or water risks as well as crop-related hazards.
ABBOT, C.L., LAWRENCE, P., PEARCE, G.R. and ABDEL-GAWAD, S. (2002): Review of the Potential for Controlled Drainage Around the World. (KAR Project R7133). Oxon: HR Wallingford and Department for International Development (DFID) URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
Festac Town, Lagos, Nigeria is a typical community that is presently not being serviced by water utilities. Households therefore seek other alternative sources including water vending. This paper examined the role of water vending in household water supply delivery in this community. It identified the sources of water supply by the vendors, assessed their level of patronage among households and identified the problems associated with their operations. The paper concludes that the most sustainable strategy would be to resuscitate the moribund piped water supply system earlier initiated by the Water Supply Agency (WSA).
OLAJUYJUGBE, A.E. ; ROTOWA, A.E. ; ADEWUMI, I.J. (2012): Water Vending in Nigeria. A Case Study of Festac Town, Lagos, Nigeria. In: Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences: Volume 3 , 1. URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
This short chapter describes purpose, construction and maintenance of check dams and includes some technical drawings.
HAWKES BAY (2009): Erosion and Sediment Control. Check Dams. Napier: Hawkes’s Bay Regional Council URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
This report highlights the potentially significant impacts on the hydrologic cycle and the importance of considering secondary effects, particularly with regard to water, resulting from the widespread adoption of global climate change mitigation measures.
ZOMER, R.J. TRABUCCO, A. STRAATEN, O. van BOSSIO, D.A. (2006): Carbon, Land and Water: A Global Analysis of the Hydrologic Dimensions of Climate Change Mitigation through Afforestation/Reforestation. Colombo: International Water Management Institution (IWMI) URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
This publication covers basic soil properties and management steps toward building and maintaining healthy soils. The publication is divided into three distinct sections, each with its own purpose. Section 1 deals with basic soil principles and provides an understanding of living soils and how they work. In section 1 you will find answers to why soil organisms and organic matter are important. Section 2 covers management steps to build soil quality on your farm. The last section covers farmer stories of people who have successfully built up their soil. A large resource section of other available information concludes the publication.
SULLIVAN (n.y): Sustainable Soil Management - Soil System Guide. Fayetteville: Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA) URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
The report is mainly divided into three parts. The first part presents the hydro-climatic constraints and challenges facing farmers, and gives a brief presentation of water harvesting and farmers coping strategies to manage water scarcity. In the second part of the report regional approaches from sub-Saharan Africa, India and China are presented. Based on the financial support available and the possibility to obtain information from literature, it was decided to base the India chapter on literature and the China chapter on a short study visit to Gansu and Hebei provinces. The sub-Saharan Africa chapter gives a comprehensive description of water harvesting experiences with emphasis on floodwater harvesting and storage systems supplementary irrigation. The last part of the report reflects knowledge gaps that need to be filled, regarding both technical -, process – and systems research.
FALKENMARK, M. FOX, P. PERSSON, G. ROCKSTROM, J. (2001): Water Harvesting for Upgrading of Rainfed Agriculture. Stockholm: Stockholm International Water Institute URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
This paper highlights critically the cultural (software) aspects of a fog harvesting project, which started in 1990 in El Tofo, Chile.
DALE, S. (2003): Collecting fog on El Tofo . URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
A short description of check dams appeared in the California Stormwater BMP Handbook.
CASQA (2003): Check Dams. Menlo Park: Californian Stormwater Quality Association URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
This paper presents results of recent analyses of plantation areas and other types of land cover in major plantation regions and a brief review of scientific literature relating to water use by forest plantations.
KEENAN R.J. GERRAND, A. NAMBIAR, S. PARSONS, M. (2006): Plantations and Water: Plantation Impact on Stream Flow. Canberra: Australian Government Bureau of Rural Sciences Headquarters URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
This thematic study on forests and water was developed in the context of the Global Forest Resources Assessment programme. It is directed to a broad range of technical experts, scientists and decision-makers, particularly national authorities, and presents recommendations on giving more attention to the role of forests and trees in water protection and management at the national level. It also calls for stronger collaboration between the water and forest communities.
FAO (2008): Forests and Water. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]
This document draws upon the material prepared for fertiliser strategy as-sessment, summarises the information on the approaches to enhancing fertiliser supply and use in Africa, and identifies some future steps.
AGWE, J. MORRIS, M. FERNANDES, E. (2007): Africa’s Growing Soil Fertility Crisis: What Role For Fertilizer? . Washington, D.C.: The World Bank URL [Accessed: 09.07.2019]