Library

Chuck Cohn (2015): https://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckcohn/2015/06/16/differences-in-selling-b2b-vs-b2c/#e9363364fb2e [Accessed: 12.08.2020]

GARRETT, B. (2019): https://www.forbes.com/sites/briannegarrett/2019/09/19/why-collaborating-with-your-competition-can-be-a-great-idea/#3e4f0b8fdf86 Forbes [Accessed: 12.08.2020]

The issue of upgrading in global value chains has been treated in the literature, but there are still gaps to be filled in. One issue that still needs further investigation is the relation of business strategy and evolution of firms in global value chains, known as upgrading in the literature. In this paper, we have the objective of examining the occurrence and quality of upgrading in internationalized Information Technology firms of Brazilian origin. We employed the multiple case study method researching eight IT firms to study the issue. Different from what is expected, facts presentedin the paper imply that although global value chains and upgrading are confirmed as useful concepts, not all the findings the literature presents converge with what this research brings. As for example, results do not converge with what was found in the literature for clothing. In other results, we confirmed what is in the literature, most notably, having the evolution in the chain blocked by clients and also competitive marginalization. Similar to any research, this one has limitations, which we list at the end of the manuscript.

ARMANDO, E., AZEVEDO, C.A., FISCHMANN, A.A. & COSTA PEREIRA, C.E. (2016): Business strategy and upgrading in global value chains: a multiple case study in Information Technology firms of Brazilian origin. In: RAI Revista de Administração e Inovação : Volume 13 URL [Accessed: 12.08.2020]

LIEMBERGER, R. & WYATT, A. (2018): Quantifying the global non-revenue water problem.. In: Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply: Volume 19 Issue 3, 831-837. URL [Accessed: 07.08.2020]

EL-ZAHAB, S. and ZAYED, T. (2019): Leak detection in water distribution networks: an introductory overview. In: Smart Water Journal : Volume 5 Issue 4 URL [Accessed: 07.08.2020]

DAUDEY, L. (2018): The cost of urban sanitation solutions: a literature review.. In: Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development: Volume 8 Issue 2, 176-195. URL [Accessed: 07.08.2020]

TRUSLOVE, J.P., COULSON, A.B., NHLEMA, M., MBALAME, E. & KALIN, R.N. (2020): Reflecting SDG 6.1 in Rural Water Supply Tariffs: Considering ‘Affordability’ Versus ‘Operations and Maintenance Costs’ in Malawi. In: Sustainability : Volume 12 Issue 2, 744. URL [Accessed: 07.08.2020]

RUSSEL, K.C. et al. (2019): Taking Container-based Sanitation to Scale: Opportunities and Challenges. . In: Frontiers in Environmental Science: URL [Accessed: 31.07.2020]

MILLER, N. and JEAN, L. P. (2019): SOIL: Building a sustainable citywide sanitation service.. In: Sustainable Sanitation Practice : Volume 27 URL [Accessed: 31.07.2020]

BRENNEN, J (2014): Doing Good. In: A&S MAGAZINE: Volume 11 Issue 2 URL [Accessed: 31.07.2020]

World Bank (2019): Evaluating the Potential of Container-Based Sanitation: case Study SOIL in Cap-Haitien. URL [Accessed: 31.07.2020]

KRISHNA, R., KVARNSTROM, C., MARIO.E., DRECHSEL, L. & DRECHSEL,P. (2016): Business models for feacal sludge management. In: About the Resource Recovery and Reuse : Volume 6

OECD (2011): Meeting the Challenge of Financing Water and Sanitation: Tools and Approaches. In: OECD Publishing: URL [Accessed: 31.07.2020]

CHOWDHURY (2019): https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/building-smarter-water-partnerships [Accessed: 31.07.2020]

Mindtool.com (2020): https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_45.htm. [Accessed: 29.07.2020]

https://businessmodelnavigator.com/pattern?id=7in [Accessed: 29.07.2020]

DEWHURST, R.N., FURLONG, C., TRIPATHI, S., TEMPLETON, M.R. AND SCOTT, R.E. (2019): Evaluating the viability of establishing container-based sanitation in low-income settlements. In: Waterlines: Volume 38 Issue 3, 154–169. URL [Accessed: 29.07.2020]

PATEL, D (2020): https://www.forbes.com/sites/deeppatel/2017/07/17/the-pros-and-cons-of-outsourcing-and-the-effect-on-company-culture/#48de88e2562d. Forbes [Accessed: 29.07.2020]

So far, there are very few empirical research studies available on the outsourcing pattern among small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The purpose of this paper is to examine strategic outsourcing among Icelandic SME service firms, from 2009 to 2018.

EDVARSSON, I., DURST, S. & OSKARSSON, G. (2019): Strategic outsourcing in SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. In: Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development: Volume 27 Issue 1, 73-84. URL [Accessed: 29.07.2020]

BUSINESS DIRECTORY http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/cross-subsidization.html [Accessed: 29.07.2020]