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Designing Compost Toilets

Technical brief on the design of composting toilets.

USAID (n.y): Designing Compost Toilets. (= Water for the World, Technical note ). Washington: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
Ventilation of dry toilets

This thesis aims at showing possibilities to improve ventilation standards of dry toilet facilities. Therefore, numerous structures were monitored over a period of three months, from March to June, in the southwestern districts of Uganda. The considerations and recommendations of this paper should support further development and improve future toilet structures in view of ventilation practices and design purviews. It should therefore contribute to a higher quality and acceptance of the dry toilets in the long term.

GROTH, F. (2005): Ventilation of dry toilets. (= Master Thesis ). Pinkafeld: Fachhochschulstudiengänge Burgenland GmbH URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets in Rural Schools, Yemen – Draft

This case study reports the construction of UDDTs at 30 schools in rural areas (desert areas, tropical low land, and mountains) in Yemen. Rainwater harvesting is the only economic way to provide water in the toilets. If the rainwater is insufficient, the water has to be bought and delivered by a water truck (which is expensive). Due to the resentments among the local population the reuse of urine was not a priority of the project.

WOLF, H. ZOCH, B. (2010): Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets in Rural Schools, Yemen – Draft. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
Composting in the Tropics

This booklet describes the principles of composting with focus on the heap method.

HDRA (1998): Composting in the Tropics. The Organic Organisation URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
UDDTs for a Primary School, Arusha, Tanzania - Draft

This case study reports construction of two double-vault UDDT demonstration toilets for 56 teachers from Daraja II primary school, Arusha, Tanzania. The school has a total of 2,457 students who share 17 pit latrines. The idea was to give the teachers time to understand the resource oriented concepts and especially the O&M part with their own facilities. In the future, when the teachers are familiar with the project, the project may be upscaled.

SENZIA, M.A. (2010): UDDTs for a Primary School, Arusha, Tanzania - Draft. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
Rural Community and School UDD Toilets in Misamis Oriental, Libertad, Initao and Manticao, Philippines

This case study reports the establishment of 23 community ecosan UDDTs at “barrio centres” and at primary schools (at 14 different locations), frequented by an estimated total of 1,000 people in the province Misamis Oriental, Philippines. The double-vault UDDT design was adopted from ecosan projects of the allotment gardens in Cagayan de Oro City. The concrete urine-diversion pedestals are manufactured by the WAND Foundation. Urine is diluted with water (1:15 dilution) and is used as fertilizer in household vegetable gardens, fruit orchards, and seedling nurseries where the seedlings are raised. When both faeces vaults are full (approximately one year for each vault, so 2 years in total), the faeces will be further decomposed in a vermicomposting process before being used as soil conditioner.

SAYRE, E. MUENCH, E. (2009): Rural Community and School UDD Toilets in Misamis Oriental, Libertad, Initao and Manticao, Philippines. (= SuSanA Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
UDD Toilets at a Girls Secondary School, Kalungu, Uganda

This case study reports upgrading of water supply and sanitation facilities for 350 students and 50 teachers at the girls boarding school of the “Sacred Heart Sisters” in Kalungu, Uganda. For the students, the existing pit latrines were replaced by 45 UDDTs, which are in line with the “National Strategy to promote ecological sanitation in Uganda”. For the teachers, a UDDT building was constructed near the entrance of the school to serves as a demonstration unit for visitors. The remaining wastewater (greywater with a small share of black water from the sisters' house where three flush toilets are still used) is treated in a horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland.

MUELLEGGER, E. SCHLICK, J. WERNER, Ch. (2009): UDD Toilets at a Girls Secondary School, Kalungu, Uganda. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
Urine-diversion dehydration Toilets in Rural Areas.

Case study on a rural UDDT project with urine reuse in Negros Oriental, Philippines.

LIPKOW, U. SuSanA (2009): Urine-diversion dehydration Toilets in Rural Areas.. (pdf presentation). (= SuSanA case study ). Bayawan City, Philippines: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
UDD Toilets for Nelson Mandela Private School, Arba Minch, Ethiopia

This case study reports replacement of pit latrines with a UDDT block (six single-vault UDDTs) for Nelson Mandela School, a private school from grade 1 to 9 with a total of 200 students and teachers, in Arba Minch, Ethiopia. The school staff operates and maintains the toilet (storage conditions of excreta, urine, hand washing facilities, cleaning of toilets, provision of drying agent like ash). The school janitor is responsible for providing the drying agents.

KASSA, K. (2010): UDD Toilets for Nelson Mandela Private School, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
Decentralized Composting for Cities of Low-and Middle-Income Countries A Users’ Manual

Based on the experiences of Waste Concern on implementing decentralized composting facilities in Dhaka and other Asian Cities, this manual provides step-by-step guidelines on how to initiate and operate small-scale composting facilities in developing countries so as to turn waste into jobs and food security.

ROTHENBERGER, S. ZURBRUGG, C. ENAYETULLAH, I. SINHA, A.H.M. (2006): Decentralized Composting for Cities of Low-and Middle-Income Countries A Users’ Manual. Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) at the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science (EAWAG) and Waste Concern URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets in Rural Schools Huye and Ngororero Districts, Rwanda

This case study reports the establishment of single vault UDDTs as a pilot and demonstration project in Rwanda to test the new concept of ecological sanitation with UDDTs in rural primary schools and provide a healthy school environment. Because of the high number of users and the anticipated amount of faeces to be collected per day, UDDTs with a single vault were chosen. The faeces are sanitised in a separate drying shelter.

DUSINGIZUMUREMYI, E. (2010): Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets in Rural Schools Huye and Ngororero Districts, Rwanda. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
Operating and Maintaining Compost Toilets
USAID (n.y): Operating and Maintaining Compost Toilets. (= Water for the World, Technical note ). Washington: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
Co-composting of Faecal Sludge and Solid Waste

This report summarises the technical and operational aspects of the co-composting process (design and mode of operation) that were investigated at a pilot plant in Kumasi (Ghana) between February and June 2002.

IWMI ; SANDEC (2002): Co-composting of Faecal Sludge and Solid Waste. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC) and International Water Management Institute (IWMI) URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
Constructing Compost Toilets

Technical brief on the construction of composting toilets.

USAID (n.y): Constructing Compost Toilets. (= Water for the World, Technical note ). Washington: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]
Composting in the Tropics II

This booklet follows on from ‘Composting in the Tropics’, which concentrated especially the heap method. This second booklet looks at other methods of producing compost, including variations on the heap method and also describes practices suitable for different climates in the tropics, for example arid areas.

HRDA (1998): Composting in the Tropics II. The Organic Organisation URL [Accessed: 11.08.2010]