Andrea Bruce’s prize-winning images from India, Haiti and Vietnam document the deeply sensitive issue of open defecation, which affects 1.1 billion of the world’s poorest people.
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Use of Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) sludge is becoming popular due to increasing price of organic fertilizers in Malawi; however, there is little evidence on the associated risks. Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) was done to determine health risks associated with use of EcoSan. Pathogens considered included Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, and soil transmitted helminths (STHs).
KUMWENDA, S. et al. (2017): Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi. In: Journal of Environmental and Public Health: Volume 2016 URL [Accessed: 04.04.2018] PDFiDE was established in 1982 as an NGO, with the idea to create income and livelihood opportunities for poor, rural households. Today iDE is a global effort that spans offices in 14 countries, encompassing 4 social enterprises, employing nearly 1,000 people directly, and indirectly enabling many more through our market-based approaches in agriculture; water, sanitation, and hygiene; and finance.
IDE GLOBAL (2018): About iDE. URL [Accessed: 28.03.2018]![](/sites/default/files/reference_icons/TBC%202018.%20The%20Sanitation%20Economy%20in%20Agriculture.png)
Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) is a UN-Water initiative having the objective to provide policy- and decision-makers at all levels with a reliable, easily accessible, comprehensive and global analysis of the investments and enabling environment to make informed decisions for sanitation, drinking-water and hygiene.
WHO (2018): UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAS). World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Accessed: 07.03.2018]See to what extend your enterprise is really engaging with the BoP as an inclusive business and what you can potentially change in order to reach more BoP consumers.