Library

SENGUPTA, M. ; DALWANI, R. (2007): Proceedings of Taal 2007: 12th World Lake Conference October 28 to November 2 2007, Jaipur, India. Jaipur: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India URL [Accessed: 26.03.2015]

The paper highlights the use of constructed wetlands for the removal of BOD, nitrogen, phosphorus and pathogens from primary treated wastewater.

JUWARKAR, A.S. ; OKE, B. ; JUWARKAR, A. ; PATNAIK, S.M. (1995): Domestic Wastewater Treatment through Constructed Wetland in India. المُدخلات: Water Science and Technology: Volume 32 , 291-294. URL [Accessed: 26.03.2015]

The development of vertical flow constructed wetlands treating raw wastewater in France has proved to be very successful over the last 20 years. In view of this a survey was carried out on more than 80 plants in order to study their performance and correct the design if necessary. This study shows that such systems perform well in terms of respecting the goals of both low level outlet COD and SS and nitrification.

MOLLE, P. ; LIENHARD, A. ; BOUTIN, C. ; MERLIN, G. ; IWEMA, A. (2005): How to Treat Raw Sewage with Constructed Wetlands: An Overview of the French Systems. المُدخلات: Water Science and Technology: Volume 51 , 11-21. URL [Accessed: 26.03.2015]

This paper tries to give an historical overview on the development of the use of CWs in Austria, describes the current practices and new developments are discussed.

LANGERGRABER, G. ; HABERL, R. (2012): Constructed Wetland Technology in Austria. History, Current Practices and New Developments. المُدخلات: Sciences Eaux & Territoires: Volume 9 , 32-34. URL [Accessed: 26.03.2015]

The urban water bodies in tropical developing countries are the worst victim of domestic wastewater / sewage, basically because of the widening gap between the increasing waste water generation and unavailability of commensurating economical resources to address the issue through conventional technologies. Hence, biological machines may prove to be a novel tool for sustainable management of water bodies. Rootzone technology being natural biological systems operating solely on solar energy is low cost and almost negligible operation and maintenance. The paper under reference therefore is an attempt to evaluate the performance efficiency of a field scale Horizontal Subsurface Flow constructed Wetland/Rootzone demonstration unit was constructed by Environmental Planning & Coordination Organisation (EPCO) at Ekant Park, Bhopal as an economically and ecologically viable pilot project.

VIPAT, V. SINGH, U. BILLORE, S.K. (2008): Efficacy of Rootzone Technology for Treatment of Domestic Wastewater: Field Scale Study of a Pilot Project in Bhopal (MP), India. المُدخلات: SENGUPTA, M. ; DALWANI, R. (2007): Proceedings of Taal 2007: 12th World Lake Conference October 28 to November 2 2007, Jaipur, India. Jaipur: 995-1003. URL [Accessed: 26.03.2015]

Concerns about water shortage and pollution have received increased attention over the past few years, especially in developing countries with warm climate. In order to help local water management in these countries, the Euro-Mediterranean Regional Programme (MEDA) has financed the Zer0-m project. As a part of this project, several constructed wetland (CW) pilot systems with different pre-treatments have been implemented in four Technological Demonstration Centres in Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey. The aim of this research was to establish appropriate designs for treatment of segregated domestic black (BW) and grey water (GW). We tested several different multistage CW configurations, consisting of horizontal and vertical subsurface flow CW for secondary treatment and free water systems as tertiary stage.

MASI, F. ; EL HAMOURI, B. ; ABDEL SHAFI, H. ; BABAN, A. ; GHRABI, A. ; REGELSBERGER, M. (2010): Segregated Black/Grey Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Constructed Wetlands in the Mediterranean Basin: The zer0-m Experience. المُدخلات: Water Science and Technology: Volume 61 , 97-105. URL [Accessed: 26.03.2015]

Greywater treatment and reuse systems were constructed in residential schools (Schools) in Madhya Pradesh, India and treated greywater was used for toilet flushing and irrigating the food crops. Cost–benefit analysis was undertaken for greywater reuse by considering internal and external costs and benefits. The internal costs consist of construction of a greywater reuse system as well as the operation and maintenance costs.

GODFREY, D. ; LABHASETWAR, P. ; WATE, S. (2009): Greywater Reuse in Residential Schools in Madhya Pradesh, India - A Case Study of Cost-Benefit Analysis. المُدخلات: Resources, Conservation and Recycling: Volume 53 , 287-293. URL [Accessed: 25.03.2015]

This article aims to clarify what green walls are, going into detail about the various technologies available; the pros and cons of each; and the ecological, social, and economic benefits of these living works of art.

WEINMASTER, M. (2009): Are Green Walls Really as "Green" as They Look?. An Introduction to the Various Technologies and Ecological Benefits of Green Walls. المُدخلات: Journal of Green Building: Volume 4 , 3-18. URL [Accessed: 25.03.2015]

This paper describes the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and presents applications of wastewater treatment processes in which this reactor is used. The MBBR processes have been extensively used for BOD/COD-removal, as well as for nitrification and denitrification in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. This paper focuses on the municipal applications. The most frequent process combinations are presented and discussed. Basic design data obtained through research, as well as data from practical operation of various plants, are presented.

ODEGAARD, H. (2006): Innovations in Wastewater Treatment: The Moving Bed Biofilm Process. المُدخلات: Water Science and Technology: Volume 53 , 17-33. URL [Accessed: 24.03.2015]

As per Census 2001, 30.66 million urban households which form 35.49% of the urban households suffer inadequate access to sanitation. According to the report of the Central Pollution Control Board (2009), the estimated sewage generation from Class-I Cities and Class-II Towns is 38254.82 million litres per day (MLD) out of which only 17787.38 MLD (35%) is being treated and the remaining is disposed into the water bodies without any treatment due to which three-fourths of surface water resources are polluted. The Ministry of Urban Development conducted a rating of class I cities on sanitation related parameters in 2009-10.Out of 423 cities, only four were in the blue category scoring more than 66 points out of 100. No city achieved the distinction of being a green city i.e. a city scoring more than 90 out of 100.

MoUD (2012): Recent Trends in Technologies in Sewerage System. New Delhi: Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India URL [Accessed: 24.03.2015]

Article with case studies of Membrane Bioreactors in different countries.

LAHNSTEINER, J. ; KLEGRAF, F. ; RYHINER, G. ; MITTAL, R. ; WABAG (Editor) (2007): Membrane Bioreactors for Sustainable Water Management. المُدخلات: Everything about Water Issue Dezember 2007: URL [Accessed: 24.03.2015]

A new moving bed biofilm reactor has been developed in Norway. The biomass is attached to carrier elements that move freely along with the water in the reactor. It is demonstrated in the paper that this results in a very compact reactor and a very efficient biomass. Experiences from pilot and full-scale testing of the reactor in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment applications are presented and discussed.

ODEGAARD, H. ; RUSTEN, B. ; WESTRUM, T. (1994): A New Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor - Applications and Results. المُدخلات: Water Science and Technology: Volume 29 , 157-165. URL [Accessed: 24.03.2015]

A market survey of the European MBR industry was performed while contacting 33 suppliers or retailers of MBR filtration systems and/or MBR plant constructors. The study enabled to identify MBR plants constructed up to 2005: about 300 references of industrial applications (> 20 m3/d) and about 100 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs > 500 p.e.) were listed.

LESJEAN, B. ; HUISJES, E.H. (2007): Survey of European MBR Market, Trends and Perspectives. المُدخلات: IWA 4th International Membrane Technologies Conference, 15-17 May 2007, Harrogate, UK: URL [Accessed: 24.03.2015]

This report is one of the many reports prepared by IITs to describe the strategy, information, methodology, analysis and suggestions and recommendations in developing Ganga River Basin: Environment Management Plan (GRB EMP). The overall Frame Work for documentation of GRB EMP and Indexing of Reports is presented on the inside cover page.

IIT (2010): Sewage Treatment in Class I Towns: Recommendations and Guidelines. GRB EMP: Ganga River Basin Environment Management Plan. Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) URL [Accessed: 24.03.2015]

The government of India decided to launch a project to implement 16 full-scale Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors (with a total capacity of 598,000 m3/d) in the Yamuna River basin under its Yamuna Action Plan (YAP). A polishing pond called the Final Polishing Unit (FPU) was utilized for post-treatment. This paper evaluates the sewage treatment efficiency of the combined system of full-scale UASB reactors and polishing ponds under Indian climatic conditions. Results have shown that the effluent from the sewage treatment plants (STPs) investigated failed to comply with applicable discharge standards in terms of BOD, SS, and fecal coliform removal. Therefore, it is proposed that such proper operation and maintenance as removing excess sludge and scum be conducted in order to increase treatment efficiency. Moreover, trained and experienced workers are also required to operate and maintain the systems, along with a scientific approach.

SATO, N. ; OKUBO, T. ; ONODERA, T. ; OHASHI, A. ; HARADA, H. (2006): Prospects for a Self-Sustainable Sewage Treatment System: A Case Study on Full-Scale UASB System in India's Yamuna River Basin. المُدخلات: Journal of Environmental Management: Volume 80 , 198-207. URL [Accessed: 23.03.2015]

This paper represents a six month study of waste characterization and design criteria for effluent discharges from two widely different processes involved in the corn refining wet milling industry.

IRVINE, R.L. DAVIS, W.B. (1971): Use of Sequencing Batch Reactors for Waste Treatments - CPC International, Corpus Christi, Texas.. Engineering Extension Series No. 140. (= Proceedings of the 26th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University ). West Lafayette: Anna Arbor Science Publishers URL [Accessed: 23.03.2015]

The anaerobic treatment process is increasingly recognized as the core method of an advanced technology for environmental protection and resource preservation and it represents, combined with other proper methods, a sustainable and appropriate wastewater treatment system for developing countries. Anaerobic treatment of sewage is increasingly attracting the attention of sanitary engineers and decision makers. It is being used successfully in tropical countries, and there are some encouraging results from subtropical and temperate regions. In this review paper, the main characteristics of anaerobic sewage treatment are summarized, with special emphasis on the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The application of the UASB process to the direct treatment of sewage is reviewed, with examples from Europe, Asia and the Americas. The UASB reactor appears today as a robust technology and is by far the most widely used high-rate anaerobic process for sewage treatment.

SEGHEZZO, L. ; ZEEMAN, G. ; VAN LIER, J.B. ; HAMELERS, H.V.M. ; LETTINGA, G. (1998): A Review: The Anaerobic Treatment of Sewage in UASB and EGSB Reactors. المُدخلات: Bioresource Technology: Volume 65 , 175-190. URL [Accessed: 23.03.2015]

This compendium of sewage treatment technologies has been prepared, based on primary and secondary data gathered from operation of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the country (India) over the last two decades. The data gathered was assimilated and analyzed for determination of treatment efficiency, treatment cost and land requirements of various technological options available for sewage treatment.

NRCD (2009): Compendium of Sewage Treatment Technologies. New Delhi: National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD), Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India URL [Accessed: 23.03.2015]

Development of an improved reactor configuration of anaerobic filter was carried out for the elimination of clogging of filter media. The experiments over different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) indicated that the HRT of 12 h was the most appropriate one for the system studied while treating the municipal wastewater, which resulted 90% and 95% BOD and COD reduction, respectively. Reduction up to 95% in suspended solids concentration could be achieved without any pretreatment. The specific biogas yield obtained was 0.35 m3 CH4/kgCODr with 70% of CH4 content in the biogas generated from the system at the HRT of 12 h. Operational problems such as clogging of filter media were not observed throughout the period of study over 600 d.

BODKHE, S. (2008): Development of an Improved Anaerobic Filter for Municipal Wastewater Treatment. المُدخلات: Bioresource Technology: Volume 99 , 222-226. URL [Accessed: 20.03.2015]

This paper presents results of the lab-scale anaerobic filter and pilot-scale units of anaerobic baffled filter used for municipal wastewater treatment by low temperature.

BODIK, I. ; HERDOVA, B. ; KRATOCHVIL, K. (1999): The Application of Anaerobic Filter for Municipal Wastewater Treatment. المُدخلات: Chemical Papers: Volume 54 , 159-164. URL [Accessed: 20.03.2015]