Definition of Boundaries

Water and sanitation issues are very often looked at on a scale where local actors cannot take any influence. It is therefore very crucial to define the specific system boundaries (at least provisionally) of a planned intervention. If you – as a local stakeholder – want to change something in your water and sanitation system and make it more sustainable, you will have to acknowledge that a large part of the overall water and sanitation system is beyond a given scope. This given context one cannot influence varies largely from case to case.

A single household, for example, might have a very narrow scope for action where it can influence its water and sanitation system and the physical and the political system boundary might be identical with the compound walls of the house. The household can adopt various measures to optimise its water and sanitation system, for example by installing water saving household devices, do composting on household level or reduce water consumption by changing the behaviour of the family members. However, a single household will not have the possibility to influence the water quality of the provided municipal tap water nor will it be able to change national sanitation policies. Larger units, such as organised neighbourhoods, NGOs, schools or municipalities will have a larger scope for action where a larger number of different options to optimise the water and sanitation system might be feasible.

By setting (provisional) system boundaries, the involved actors can define their area of action where future interventions will have an impact. Several dimensions need to be considered to find appropriate system boundaries for an intervention. When defining system boundaries, the following lead questions should be answered:

• Which boundaries are relevant for the planned intervention?
• Does the intervention have a substantial influence within the set scope for action or not?

When the following dimensions are being considered and discussed, usually a clear understanding of the “scope for action” can be developed (see picture).

Natural or physical systems, such as watersheds are frequently central in regard to a sanitation and water management system. Hence, it is essential to agree (at least in a first step) on the physical boundaries of the area where an intervention should take place (EAWAG 2005). By limiting the focus on a reasonably small unit, the intervention can be planned more effectively and frustrations of “not having a substantial impact on the system” can be reduced. Boundaries defined in physical terms can be:

• Infrastructural conditions: e.g. compound walls, existing roads, existing wastewater treatment plants, sanitation facilities etc.
• Geographical boundaries: mountain ranges, watersheds, rivers basins, soil conditions, groundwater level, precipitation etc.
• Water supply distribution zones, sewerage and storm drainage basins, wastewater flows

A planned intervention will usually affect several political and administrative bodies. The more bodies are affected and involved, the more complex will it be to communicate and interact with them and most importantly to find consensus with all the involved stakeholders (see also stakeholder analysis starting by stakeholder identification factsheet).

One might think and discuss about the following questions:

• On which level does the initiative take place? Is it a matter of yourself only or does it concern the community? Which stakeholders have to be considered (community representatives, community bodies, local institutions; see also stakeholder identification)? How can these stakeholders be motivated to participate in the process? Is realistic that they will cooperate? How can you facilitate the process of consensus building amongst the involved stakeholders?
• Does the initiative concern more than one level of action? If it concerns more than one level, could this generate problems or conflicts? Can anybody block the initiative? If this is the case, you should consider reducing your scope of action.
•  Is the initiative in accord with the existent legal framework? Are there any jurisdictional laws and regulations forming boundaries you have to consider concerning the planned initiative? Does the intended initiative concern any rights of others? Again, is it realistic that these actors will cooperate (KVARNSTRÖM and PETERSENS 2004)?

Social boundaries can be very strong and usually take a very long time to change or overcome. It is therefore very important to analyse and understand the existing social boundaries before implementing a sanitation and water project:

• Religious boundaries: Analyse whether an intended initiative will not conflict with any religious beliefs, rules or habits. An example of such a case was reported, where people did not use newly constructed toilets due to the fact that ghosts living nearby the toilet were being disturbed.
• Habits and traditions: Analyse whether the intended initiative will not conflict with any long existing habits or traditions. In some cultures, people do not want to handle faeces or urine and therefore toilets which require handling of faecal matter are not appropriate.
• Behavioural change: Interventions do often demand for behavioural adoptions of relevant people. Introducing new sanitation facilities or a new water purification system may require new and different water and sanitation behaviour from the local community. Furthermore, when households are getting tap water connexions inside their house, women might not carry their water from the water source outside of their house anymore, and they will also not meet their friends there. This loss of social relationship can be a reason to refuse a basically sustainable change process. Analyse whether this behavioural change will be realistic in terms of an incentive for the target group to change their behaviour. See also socio cultural issues.

Last but not least, available economic resources form a very strong boundary. Most people would like to have 24h-water supply and a fancy bathroom. However, solutions need to be affordable and adapted to peoples capacity to pay:

• Analysis of the socio-economic situation in the area: It is important to consider the economic situation and patterns of the local community in the particular area in order to ensure that the people can afford the new system (e.g. pay water connexions, water tariffs, pay for access to toilet facilities etc). Before constructing new sanitation or water infrastructure, it must be analysed if people are willing to pay for improved services and if this willingness corresponds to their capacity to pay (KVARNSTRÖM and PETERSENS 2004).
• Analysis of the economic resources available in the area from government and other agencies:Before designing a new and improved sanitation and water system for a particular area, it is of prime importance to know how much resources are available from the local government or other agencies to cover the expenses which the new system will cause (e.g. construction costs, connexion costs, operation and maintenance costs).

Only after having an idea of the possible system boundaries, one can consider on which level an intended initiative is reasonable, and whether it concerns only one or certain households, a neighbourhood of a village or a town, the whole village or even a greater range. By knowing the intended scope for action, one can consider and analyse the affected and involved stakeholders. Furthermore, potential conflicts amongst those stakeholders can be predicted and possible solutions compiled. Before designing a project for this particular area, it is of prime importance to bring together representatives from all the involved groups of stakeholder in order to discuss the planned initiative (see also stakeholder identification, stakeholder importance and influence, stakeholder interests or stakeholder strategy plan).