Library

This handbook is a comprehensive a new tool to help UNICEF WASH field professionals, but it will also be useful to other UNICEF staff and for partners in government, other external support agencies, NGOs and civil society. The handbook provides an introduction to all aspects of water quality, with a particular focus on the areas most relevant to professionals working in developing countries. It covers the effects of poor water quality, quality monitoring, the protection of water supplies, methods for improving water quality, and building awareness and capacity related to water quality.

UNICEF (2008): UNICEF Handbook on Water Quality. New York: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]

Many of the most common diseases found in traumatized communities after a disaster or emergency are related to drinking contaminated water. This factsheet concentrates on the problems caused by drinking water contaminated by micro-organisms and their reduction by chlorination.

WHO (2005): How to measure chlorine residual in water. (= Technical Notes for Emergencies , 11 ). Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]

Extensive factsheet on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of ceramic candle filters for drinking water treatment.

CAWST (2009): Biosand Filter. Factsheet. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Academic ). Alberta: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]

Factsheet on chlorination with sodium hypochlorite solutions.

CAWST (2009): Chlorine (Sodium Hypochlorite). (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets – Academic ). Alberta: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]

HYDRAID (n.y): BioSand Water Filter. USA: Hydraid URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]

Investigation on effectiveness and performance of biosand filters in Nepal.

LEE, T.L. (2001): Biosand Household Water Filter Projects in Nepal. (= (Master Thesis) ). Toronto: University of Toronto URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]

ELLIOTT, M. ; STAUBER, C. ; KOKSAL, F. ; DIGIANO, F. ; SOBSEY, M. (2008): Reductions of E. coli, Echovirus type 12 and Bacteriophages in an Intermittently Operated Household Scale Slow Sand Filter. In: Water Research: Volume 42 , 2662-2670. URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]

This book investigates how gender is present in the newly emerging principles on the sustainable management of water resources. The book also reviews how these gender specific principles are currently applied in the water supply, sanitation and hygiene sector.

WIJK-SIJBESMA, C. van (1998): Gender In Water Resource Management Supply and Sanitation. Roles and Realities Revisited. The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]

Study on removal of parasitic cysts and toxicants as well as bacteria by biosand filter.

PALMATEER, G. MANZ, D. JURKOVIC, A. McINNIS, R. UNGER, S. KWAN, K. K. DUDKA, B. (1997): Toxicant and Parasite Challenge of Manz Intermittent Slow Sand Filter. (= Environmental Toxicology , 217 / 14 ). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]

This children’s book provides information on safe drinking water, ways of water contamination, simple HWTS options presented in attractive illustrations and simple languages so that school children can easily understand them.

ENPHO (2007): Amoeba and Water. Kathmandu and New York: Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]

This dissertation investigates the commercial viability of point-of-use (POU) water treatment systems (solar treatment, physical treatment and chemical treatment) in lower income settings. Six factors that have helped POU projects approach commercial viability are highlighted, including refining and improving product positioning, leveraging existing health awareness, offering an array of POU options, adapting business practices, finding alternative models of viability, and focusing on key product improvements.

HARRIS, J. (2005): Challenges to the Commercial Viability of Point-of-Use (POU) Water Treatment Systems in Low-Income Settings. Master Thesis. Oxford School of Geography and the Environment Oxford University URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]

This article describes how to use shock chlorination safely and effectively.

ATILES, J.H. VENDRELL, P.F. (2003): Disinfecting your well water: Shock Chlorination, Housing and Environment. Georgia: The University of Georgia URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]

IARC (1991): IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Chlorinated drinking-water; chlorination by-products; some other halogenated compounds; cobalt and cobalt compounds. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) URL [Accessed: 19.05.2019]

https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/WASH Cluster Coordinator Handbook.pdf [Accessed: 18.05.2019]

A complete WASH Cluster Hygiene Promotion training package.

https://www.unicef.org/wash/guinea_53091.html [Accessed: 18.05.2019]

In response to a severe cholera outbreak in 2006, UNICEF has partnered with Tinkisso, a local NGO in the region of Dabola that produces active chlorine with WATA devices.

WATATECHNOLOGY (2018b): WATA-Standard. Using the mains electricity network. Geneva (Switzerland): WATA Technology. User Manuals - WATA-Standard URL [Accessed: 18.05.2019]

https://akvopedia.org/wiki/The_WATA_device [Accessed: 18.05.2019]

Akvopedia is an open water and sanitation resource and provide information on production of active chlorine with WATA devices.

https://www.antenna.ch/en/activities/water-hygiene/operating-instructions-wata/ [Accessed: 18.05.2019]

This website provides general information on chlorine and its different uses, WATA devices (user guides) and quality control reagents as well as on the WATASOL approach and its implementation around the world.

This study evaluated point-of-use chlorination and storage in special plastic containers of gathered household water for improving microbial quality and reducing diarrhoeal incidences among consumers living under conditions of poor sanitation and hygiene.

SOBSEY, M.D. ; HANDZEL, T. ; VENCZEL L. (2003): Chlorination and safe storage of household drinking water in developing countries to reduce waterborne disease. In: Water Science and Technology: Volume 47 , 221-228. URL [Accessed: 18.05.2019]

This 8-pages information paper highlights chlorine’s critical role in providing safe drinking water; the potential health and environmental effects of chlorine and disinfection by-products; and considerations for selecting disinfection methods.

WORLD CHLORINE COUNCIL (2008): Drinking water chlorination. Position Paper URL [Accessed: 18.05.2019]