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A research carried out to examine the effectiveness of powder extracted from mature dried Moringa oleifera seeds as a coagulant, which is commonly available in most rural communities of Africa. The results obtained showed that powder from seed kernels of Moringa Oleifera contains coagulating properties at loading doses of 10 g/L and above that have similar effect as the conventional coagulant, alum.

AMAGLOH, F.K. ; BENANG, A. (2009): Effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera Seed as Coagulant for Water Purification. URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

US EPA (n.y): Water Treatment Process. United States Environmental Protection Agency URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

Technical information on water clarification using Moringa Oleifera, with preparation techniques of the coagulant solution, method of treatment, dosage, advantage and disadvantages of the natural coagulant with useful links.

SCHWARZ, D. (2000): Water Clarification Using Moringa oleifera. Eschborn: GATE-GTZ URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

This document is an overview presentation on different coagulants, discussing different case studies with field results and some lessons learned. Presented in PNWS-AWWA Section Conference.

DUNCAN, K. WISE, D. (2008): Evaluating Coagulant for Water Treatment. Presentation. American Water Works Association, Pacific Northwest Section (PNWS-AWWA) URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

This 4 pages factsheet focuses on the use of activated carbon treatment for drinking water with a special emphasis on practical considerations (type of units, certification etc.)

AMIRAULT, R., CHOBANIAN, G., MCCANTS, D., MCCANN, A., BURDETT, H. and NEPTIN, B. (2003): Activated Carbon Treatment of Drinking Water Supplies. In: Healthy Drinking Water for Rhode Islanders: URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

STASINAKIS, A.S. (2008): Use of Selected Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Wastewater Treatment- A Mini Review. In: Global NEST journal 10, pp. 376-385: URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

Simplified factsheet on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of Kanchan filters (for arsenic and pathogen removal) for drinking water treatment in at the household level.

CAWST (2009): Kanchan Filter. Fact Sheet - Simplified. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Simplified ). Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

SRINIVASAN, P.T. ; VIRARAGHAVAN, T. ; SUBRAMANIAN K.S. (1999): Aluminium in Drinking Water: an Overview. In: Water S.A. 25 (1), pp. 47-55: URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

Factsheet on the principles, construction, operation and maintenance of arsenic removal via oxidation for drinking water treatment at household level.

CAWST (2009): Arsenic Removal. Oxidation. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheet - Academic ). Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

This technical brief gives an overview of the application of an indigenous, naturally derived coagulant, namely seed material from the multi-purpose tree Moringa Oleifera, which offers an alternative solution to the use of expensive chemical coagulants.

FOLKARD, G. SUTHERLAND, J. SHAW, R. (1998): Water Clarification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Coagulant. Loughborough (U.K.): Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough (WELL), Loughborough University, Technical Brief 60, pp.109-112 URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

PWN TECHNOLOGIES (2011): Emergency Water Unit. URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

In this review, recent achievements, developments and trends (2003-2009) on the integration of advanced oxidation technologies and other remediation methods are presented. Selecting the right AOP is discussed taking into account the characteristics of the waste stream, environmental regulations, and cost.

MOHAJERANI, M. ; MEHRVAR, M. ; EIN-MOZAFFARI, F.E. (2009): An Overview of the Integration of Advanced Oxidation Technologies and Other Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment. In: International Journal of environmental engineering: Volume 3 , 120-146. URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

CASIDAY, R. NOELKEN, G. FREY, R. (1999): Treating the Public Water Supply: What Is In Your Water, and How Is It Made Safe to Drink?. Washington D.C. (USA): Washington University, Department of Chemistry URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

A four-page factsheet containing information on treatment efficiency, operating criteria and other relevant information related to natural coagulants.

CAWST (2009): Natural Coagulants. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets ). Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

AQUAFIDES (2011): Katadyn Mobile Filter Unit MOT. "Online image". Dietlikon: Aquafides Schweiz AG URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

A three-page factsheet containing information on treatment efficiency, operating criteria and other relevant information on chemical coagulants.

CAWST (2009): Chemical Coagulants. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets ). Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

Technical solutions for the construction of your own slow sand filters are presented.

WATER FOR THE WORLD (n.y): Constructing a Slow Sand Filter. Vienna: Water for the World. Technical Note, No. RWS. 3.C.3 URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

This paper discusses different features of Moringa oleifera seed and assesses it as a potential alternative to aluminium sulphate for water treatment in rural and urban areas. Paper presented on 27th WEDC Conference in Lusaka, Zambia.

NKHATA, D. (2001): Moringa as an Alternative to Aluminium Sulphate. In: People and Systems for Water, Sanitation and Health. Papers of the 27th WEDC Conferences, Zambia: , 236-238. URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

This case study was conducted in Bandung, India. It was investigated to what extent conventional slow sand filters could be improved through backwashing measures and improved aeration processes.

JOSEPHINNE, M. NOTODARMOJO, S. IRSYAD, M. (n.y): Evaluation of single stage dry slow sand filter in removing some physical pollutants from surface water. Case Study of the Cikapundung River. Bandung: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering ITB URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]

OXFAM with its long-standing experience in WASH emergencies outlines within these guidelines a comprehensive overview about assessing water quality, treatment technologies, application, installation strategies for bulk water supply and additionally the operation and monitoring of such facilities during emergency operations.

OXFAM (2001): Oxfam Guidelines for Water Treatment in Emergencies. Oxford: Oxfam GB URL [Accessed: 21.05.2019]