This practical guideline on the use of urine in agricultural productions gives some background information on basic plant requirements and how they can be met with urine as a liquid fertiliser.
RICHERT, A. GENSCH, R. JOENSSON, H. STENSTROEM, T.A. DAGERSKOG, L. (2010): Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production. (= EcoSanRes Publication Series, Report No. 2010-1 ). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]Library
This information service on biogas technology has been developed and produced on the order of the GTZ project Information and Advisory Service on Appropriate Technology (ISAT). Volume III discusses the micro- and macro-economic viability of biogas sanitation systems.
ISAT ; GTZ (1999): Biogas - Costs and Benefits and Biogas – Programme Implementation. (= Biogas Digest , 3 ). Information and Advisory Services on Appropriate Technology (ISAT) and German Agency for Technical Cooperation GmbH (GmbH) URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]This report is a basic assessment of the feasibility and potential for using animal wastes in anaerobic methane digesters to create electricity in Minnesota. It covers an estimation of the electricity potential, the farm-size thresholds that warrant further investigation for a potential digester system, a quantification of the impact of incentives as well as a financial analysis.
MDC (2003): Minnesota's Potential for Electricity Production Using Manure Biogas Resources. Final Report. Minnesota: Minnesota Department of Commerce (MDC) and State Energy Office (SEO). [Accessed: 23.04.2010] PDFThe document describes a pilot project in Koczala, Northern Poland, with an agricultural biogas CHP plant integrated with a converted wood-chip fired municipal district heating system.
IRE LTD (n.y): Preparation of a pilot biogas CHP plant integrated with a wood-chip fired DHP system. Warszawa: Institute for Renewable Energy (IRE) Ltd URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]Basic Principles of Wastewater Treatment is the second volume in the series Biological Wastewater Treatment, and focusses on the unit operations and processes associated with biological wastewater treatment. The major topics covered are: microbiology and ecology of wastewater treatment, reaction kinetics and reactor hydraulics, conversion of organic and inorganic matter, sedimentation, aeration.
SPERLING, M. von (2007): Basic Principles of Wastewater Treatment. (= Biological Wastewater Treatment Series , 2 ). London: International Water Association (IWA) Publishing URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]The aim of this publication is to build a bridge between the elaborate literature and information on the biogas production side and the existing technical and scientific know-how on the side of internal combustion engines. An engine fuelled by biogas shall become understandable as a core module in a system of energy supply, energy transformation and a demand of energy for a useful purpose. This publication attempts to provide a source of essential information for decision-making, planning, modification and operation of biogas engines within this system.
MITZLAFF, von, K. (1988): Engines for biogas. Eschborn: German Appropriate Technology Exchange (GATE), German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]This article analyses how water-management policies have developed over the centuries, how these policies have affected the city’s inhabitants, and the environment. The study uses the history of water management decisions and practices in Mexico City as an example. It also points out relevant future directions for water policy.
SOSA-RODRIGUEZ, F. (2010): Impacts of Water-management Decisions on the Survival of a City. From Ancient Tenochtitlan to Modern Mexico City. Waterloo: University of Waterloo URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]The chapter "the usefulness of urine" is about different methods of collecting urine, storage, uses of urine in agriculture and gives various examples of using urine to enhance vegetable production in containers and on fields
MORGAN, P. (2004): The Usefulness of Urine. Part III, chapter 14. In: Morgan, P. ; (2014): An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa. A Compilation of Experiences. Harare: pp. 174-189. URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]This report presents results from eight technical pilot studies on aquifer recharge (including SAT) between 2005 and 2008 on five continents. The main objective of these studies was to assess the overall performance of these sites in recharging aquifers mainly for irrigation and potable water supply purposes by following contaminant fate throughout each scheme.
MELIN, T. (2009): Reclaim Water. Water Reclamation Technologies for Safe Artificial Groundwater Recharge. Publishable Final Activity Report. Aachen: RWTH Aachen University URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]The intent of this paper is to provide cursory information about coagulation, flocculation and clarification. This knowledge will provide a basis for understanding the needs of the customer wishing to monitor these processes.
ENGELHARDT, R.L. (2010): Coagulation, Flocculation and Clarification of Drinking Water. HACH company URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]Both reverse osmosis and ion exchange technologies are well established and have reached advanced levels of development. Comparison of the two processes for water demineralisation can therefore be reliably made and cost comparisons can be carried out on a case-by-case basis. This document examines the significant factors that should be taken into account in the comparison and gives guidelines for decision making.
PUROLITE INTERNATIONAL (2003): Guidelines for Selecting Resin Ion Exchange or Reverse Osmosis for Feed Water Demineralisation. In: Purolite.com: URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]This website provides a summary of coagulation-flocculation sedimentation processes including combined technologies such as Flocculation-Chlorination.
The acute toxicity of arsenic at high concentrations has been known about for centuries. It was only relatively recently that a strong adverse effect on health was discovered to be associated with long-term exposure to even very low arsenic concentrations. Drinking water is now recognised as the major source of human intake of arsenic in its most toxic (inorganic) forms.
PETRUSEVSKI, B. SHARMA, S. SCHIPPERS, J.C. SHORDT, K. (2007): Arsenic in Drinking Water. Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]This article describes for the first time the use of magnetic ion exchange for improving Wanneroo (Australia) Groundwater Treatment Plant treatment process.
CADEE, K. ; O’LEARY, B. ; SMITH, P. ; SLUNJSKI, M. ; BOURKE, M. (2000): World First Magnetic Ion Exchange (MIEX) Water Treatment Plant to be Installed in Western Australia. In: miexresin.com: URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]A demonstration of how flocculant works to bind together the fine particles in waste sludge
A 3-page factsheet on solar pasteurisation, focussing on treatment efficiency, operating criteria and other information on solar pasteurisation.
CAWST (2009): HWTS Factsheet: Solar Pasteurization. Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) is an ion exchange resin developed as an additive to existing water treatment plants where additional organic matter is to be removed. The smaller size, magnetic properties and simple regeneration using NaCl distinguish MIEX from conventional ion exchange resins. Its use in international development applications is investigated in this review article.
NEALE, P.A. ; SCHAFER, A.I. (2010): Magnetic Ion Exchange: Is there a Potential for International Development. In: Desalination : Volume 251 , 160-168. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]