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This manual has been prepared as a tool to help improve DFID's (Department for International Developments, United Kingdom) support for water supply and sanitation projects and programmes in developing countries. Its particular focus is on how DFID assistance can best meet the needs of the urban and rural poor for water supply and sanitation services.

DFID (1998): Guidance Manual on Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes. London: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) for the Department for International Development (DFID) URL [Accessed: 09.05.2018]

Anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds as wells as aerated lagoon systems are presented as an appropriate solution in developing countries where sewerage systems are present. The technical content was reviewed by Prof. Duncan Mara (University of Leeds, England). Detailed design, operation and maintenance guidance is given. Hence, this paper can be useful as a technical manual.

ARTHUR, J.P. (1983): Notes in the Design and Operation of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Warm Climates of Developing Countries . (= World Bank Technical Paper , 7 ). Washington: The World Bank URL [Accessed: 08.05.2018] PDF

KOKEMULLER, N. (2018): https://smallbusiness.chron.com/focus-group-research-method-17464.html Small business.chron [Accessed: 03.05.2018]

ONFRONTIERS (2017): Lessons from successful social enterprises: Best sales practices for BoP costumers [video]. URL [Accessed: 03.05.2018]

LLOYD, L. (2017): https://brooksgroup.com/sales-training-blog/creative-sales-incentives-motivate-salespeople [Accessed: 02.05.2018]

http://www.inclusivebusinesshub.org/know-how-last-mile-distribution/ [Accessed: 02.05.2018]

NATHAN, T. (2017): 5 ways to make blended finance work. URL [Accessed: 20.04.2018]

This article sheds light on the discussions about smart subsidies in the water and sanitation sector hold at the Stockholm World Water Week in 2017. A special emphasise is put on the discussion around supply-led subsidies and innovative modes of smart subsidies.

EDWARDS, S. (2017): The ‘S word’: Is it time for the sanitation sector to reconsider subsidies? . URL [Accessed: 20.04.2018]

BENHAYOUNE, S. (2017): ‘Ready, Steady, Scale!’: A Practical Tool to Assess Your Social Business. URL [Accessed: 20.04.2018]

UN (EDITOR) The Human Right to Water and Sanitation. Geneva: United Nations URL [Accessed: 20.04.2018]

The notion of ‘partnership’ refers to ‘a collaborative effort in which parties from different societal sectors pool resources to provide solutions to common problems’. However, a variety of structures, success factors and trade-offs of these partnerships is possible.

The second installment of the PPPLab Insight Series publication offers insights in the issues and opportunities surrounding partnership:

1. Partnership Phases of PPPs

2. Critical Success Factors

3. Mutuality in the Partnering Process

4. Trade-offs

PPPLAB (EDITOR) (2014): Insight Series: Building Partnerships. URL [Accessed: 20.04.2018] PDF

INSTITUTE OF RISK MANAGEMENT (EIDTOR) (2002): A Risk Management Standard. London: Institute of Risk Management URL [Accessed: 20.04.2018]

PRICE, D. (2016): Social Impact Incentives Aim to Tilt Businesses toward the Needs of the Poor. URL [Accessed: 20.04.2018]

PICKERING,A. ; ARNOLD, B. ; DENTZ, H. ; COLFORD, J. ; NULL, C. (2016): Climate and Health Co-Benefits in Low-Income Countries: A Case Study of Carbon Financed Water Filters in Kenya and a Call for Independent Monitoring. In: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives: Volume 125 , 278-302. URL [Accessed: 20.04.2018]

This paper discusses Malawi’s experiences in identifying and overcoming the challenges facing “smart” subsidy programmes in the agriculture sector. Emphasise is put on aspects of sustainability and cost effectiveness.

DOWARD, A. ; CHIRWA, E. ; BOUGHTON, D. ; CRAWFORD, E. ; JAYNE, T. ; SLATER, R. ; KELLY, V. ; TSOKA, M. (2008): Towards 'smart' subsidies in agriculture? Lessons in recent experience in Malawi. URL [Accessed: 20.04.2018]

Dragon’s Den TV programme where start-ups pitch in front of investors and have to answer particular questions on their business model in order to potentially receive an offer for investment.

https://www.youtube.com/user/dragonsden [Accessed: 20.04.2018]

PEREIRA, J. (2017): Blended Finance: What it is, how it works and how it is used. URL [Accessed: 20.04.2018]

BUEHLMANN, A. (2014): Marketing safe water to the base of the pyramid – lessons for scaling up a social enterprise in Guinea. URL [Accessed: 20.04.2018] PDF

BRINCKMANN, J. ; GRICHNIK, D. ; KAPSA, D. (2010): Should entrepreneurs plan or just storm the castle? A meta-analysis on contextual factors impacting the business planning–performance relationship in small firms. In: Journal of Business Venturing: Volume 25 URL [Accessed: 20.04.2018]

KALLER, J. ; TRÉMOLET, S. (2016): Achieving universal access to water and sanitation by 2030 – how can blended finance help? . URL [Accessed: 20.04.2018]