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Devolution, or the delegation of power by central government to local or regional administration, is by far the most significant initiative in governance that Kenya has undertaken since independence. Effective implementation of the new devolved framework now requires the water sector to focus on the emerging opportunities and to address a number of challenges. This note analyses the pertinent issues and options for national government and county leadership to achieve sustainable delivery of improved water services under the new dispensation.

WSP (2013): Devolution in Kenya. Opportunities and Challenges for the Water Sector. Washington: The World Bank, Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) URL [Accessed: 10.04.2019]

This training manual focuses of specific water resources management functions carried out by River Basin Organisations. There is a specific module on water allocation with PowerPoint a presentation.

CAP-NET (2008): Training Manual on Integrated Water Resources Management for River Basin organisations. Pretoria: Cap-Net URL [Accessed: 10.04.2019]

This article argues that policy making is an interactive and ongoing process that transcends the spatio-temporal boundaries drawn by a linear, rational or instrumental model of policy. This argument is constructed by analysing the making of the Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) policy in Mexico in the early 1990s, focusing on different episodes of its re-emergence, standardisation, and acceleration.

RAP, E. ; WESTER, P. (2013): The Practices and Politics of Making Policy. Irrigation Management Transfer in Mexico. In: Water Alternatives: Volume 6 , 506-531. URL [Accessed: 10.04.2019]

http://www.fao.org/aquastat/en/ [Accessed: 10.04.2019]

The AQUASTAT online database is a collection of information and analyses on water resources, water uses, and agricultural water management with an emphasis on countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean.

https://www.gov.za/documents/national-sanitation-policy-white-paper-draft [Accessed: 10.04.2019]

The National Sanitation Draft White Paper includes a chapter about institutional and organisational framework for sanitation. On this site, you can find detailed information on how to build such a framework, including stakeholders and responsibilities, financial and economic approaches etc. Only available online.

KARAKITSIOU, A. (2017): Chapter 13 - Sustainable Urban Water Management. In: KARAKITSIOU et al. (eds.). City Networks - Collaboration and Planning for Health and Sustainability. Greece: Springer Optimization and its Applications, pp.227-258. URL [Accessed: 10.04.2019] PDF

The poster presents material flow analysis as a method to assess the material and nutrient flows in a given system and thus to link urban agriculture and environmental sanitation: The case of Kumasi, Ghana.

FORSTER, D. SCHERTENLEIB, R. BELEVI, H. (2003): Linking Urban Agriculture and Environmental Sanitation. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science (EAWAG) URL [Accessed: 10.04.2019]

This document has its focus on the importance of the link between water supply, sanitation and Integrated Water Resources Management.

BUTTERWORTH, J. SOUSSAN, J. (2001): Water Supply and Sanitation and Integrated Water Resources Management: why seek better integration?. Andhra Pradesh: Water, Households and Rural Livelihoods Project URL [Accessed: 10.04.2019]

NWC (2005): Australian Water Resources 2005 - Water Balance Assessment. Canberra: Australian Government, National Water Commission (NWC) URL [Accessed: 10.04.2019]

Phosphorus (P) resources globally are considered limited. P originates from a mined non-renewable rock, therefore its presence in the urban-shed demonstrates the impact of urbanisation and the anthropogenic influences on natural cycles of material flow. Any recycling of P is therefore becoming increasingly important. In passing through the linear urban system P is mobilised from particulate to soluble forms. With the present level of nutrient losses from urban water management into the aquatic environment (leading to adverse health and ecological impacts) commitment to urban or peri-urban ecological agriculture (without synthetic fertilisers) offers an attractive solution to the management of urban organic “wastes”.

GUMBO, B. (1999): Establishing Phosphorus Fluxes Through Material Flow Accounting and Systems Thinking in an Urban Shed in Harare, Zimbabwe. Harare: SSRZ Seminar II URL [Accessed: 10.04.2019]

This document explains how a model-based on material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) was constructed to evaluate the environmental performance of the scenarios. The variables were nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon. The evaluation focused on eutrophication and potential reuse of nutrients in agriculture.

DAHLMAN. K (2009): Modelling sanitation scenarios in developing countries: a case study in Kumassi, Ghana. Sweden: Uppsala University URL [Accessed: 10.04.2019]

http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/index.html [Accessed: 09.04.2019]

The Ontario Ministries website offers a lot of information about different needs of crops. This includes soil types, crop types, nutrient management, water management and general agriculture tips.

Thematic Factsheet on Water Scarcity. The world contains an estimated 1 400 million cubic km of water. Only 0.003% of this vast amount, about 45 000 cubic km, are what is called "fresh water resources", i.e. water that can be used for drinking, hygiene, agriculture and industry.

UN Water (2013): Water Scarcity Factsheet. United Nations Water URL [Accessed: 09.04.2019]

https://www.infonet-biovision.org/PlantHealth/Crop-rotation [Accessed: 09.04.2019]

This online article describes the crop rotation system, what it is, its effects and practices.

This chapter of Infonet Biovision provides additional information about intercropping and crop rotation. The reader gets to know about difficulties, means and practices.

INFONET BIOVISION (2012): Intercropping and Push-Pull. Zurich: URL [Accessed: 09.04.2019]

Read more about the importance of soil moisture.

BERRY, W. KETTERINGS, Q. ANTES, S. PAGE, S. RUSSEL-ANELLI, J. RAO, R. DeGLORIA, S. (2007): Soil Texture. Ithaca: Cornell University Cooperative Extension URL [Accessed: 09.04.2019]

INFONET-BIOVISION (2010): Mulching. Zuerich: Biovision URL [Accessed: 09.04.2019]

Infonet-biovision.org is a web-based information platform offering trainers, extension workers and farmers in East Africa a quick access to up-to-date and locally relevant information in order to optimise their livelihoods in a safe, effective, sustainable and ecologically sound way.

INFONET-BIOVISION (2010): Water for Irrigation. Zürich: Biovision URL [Accessed: 09.04.2019]

This document is an example of a water resources assessment in Haiti.

US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS (1999): Water Resources Assessment Of Haiti. Washington, DC: US Army Corps of Engineers URL [Accessed: 09.04.2019]

The Guide to efficient plant nutrition management addresses some major issues related to the agronomic management of plant nutrients in an attempt to ensure both enhanced and sustainable agricultural production and to safeguard the environment.

FAO (1998): Guide to Efficient Plant Nutrition Management. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) URL [Accessed: 09.04.2019]