Field note on the implementation of non-revenue water programs through case studies of service providers in India and Vietnam. It describes the managerial and accountability instruments developed, complementary to technical measures.
AGRAWAL, P.C. (2008): Performance Improvement Planning. Designing an Effective Leakage Reduction and Management Program. (= Field Note No. 3 ). Washington: Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) URL [Accessed: 14.05.2019]Library
Compilation of the water balance and non-revenue water in Asia. The publication contains strategies to reduce non-revenue water and other losses through case study, examples and practical measures.
MCINTOSH, A.C. (2003): Chapter 9. Non-Revenue Water. In: MCINTOSH, A.C. ; (2003): Asian Water Supplies. Reaching the Urban Poor. . URL [Accessed: 14.05.2019]The “How it Works” section of the company FLUSHMATE explains the flush system of its low-flush toilets.
A document on water supply evaluation methods.
HICKEY, H.E. (2008): Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods. Volume II: Water Supply Evaluation Methods. Emmitsburg: U.S. Fire Administration URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]This book provides a general introduction to a wide range of technologies. Among the topics covered are: planning and management of small water supplies, community water supplies in Central and Eastern European countries, water quality and quantity, integrated water resources management, artificial recharge, rainwater harvesting, spring water tapping, groundwater withdrawal, water lifting, surface water intake, water treatment, aeration, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, multi-stage filtration, desalination technology, disinfection, household level water treatment, technologies for arsenic and iron removal from ground water, and emergency and disaster water supply. Chapter 21: Water Distribution
SMET, J. ; WIJK, C. van (2002): Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, People and Partnership: Water Distribution - Chapter 21. The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]These guidelines were developed for the construction and management of rural water supply and sanitation facilities. It is a collection of global and national good practices in water and sanitation that have been collated. These simple guidelines are primarily intended as a reference for field staff and practitioners in the water and sanitation sector challenged by situations and conditions in the field.
GONU (2009): Technical Guidelines for the Construction and Management of Drinking Water Distribution Networks. Khartoum: Government of National Unity (GONU) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]Case study about an alternative sanitation system for urban buildings. A vacuum urine-diverting sewerage system is used to reduce potable water consumption and to reduce wastewater production.
GERMER, J. SuSanA (2009): Urine Diversion Vacuum Sanitation System. Beijing, China: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]This manual includes explanations, installation tips and technical information about VOD vacuum toilets.
JETSGROUP (2005): Instruction Manual VOD. Hareid: Jets AS URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]This study researches if the minimised amount of water from low-flush toilets is able to carry waste in drain lines.
GAULEY, B. KOELLER, J. (2005): Evaluation of Low-Flush-Volume Toilet Technologies to Carry Waste in Drain lines. Final Report. Mississauga and Yorba Linda: Veritec Consulting and Koeller and Company URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]This review focuses on decentralised systems that treat the potable water (drinking and cooking) of a single household (point-of-use systems) or a community (small-scale systems). For application in developing and transition countries, important boundary conditions for decentralised systems include low costs, ease of use, sustainability, low maintenance and independence of utilities (energy sources). Although some low-cost systems are available, their application is limited by time-consuming daily operation and maintenance. Other systems are too expensive for the poor populations of developing and transition countries and in most cases do not fulfil the system requirements described above. Point-of-use systems based on membranes are commercially available and are designed to operate on tap pressure or gravity.
PETER-VARBANETS, M. ; ZURBRÜGG, C. ; SWARTZ, C. ; PRONK, W. (2009): Review: Decentralized Systems for Potable Water and the Potential of Membrane Technology. In: Water Research: Volume 43 , 245-265. URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]This report has critically reviewed various HWT technologies on the basis of technical, social and economical factors and gives a good overview for an informed choice.
WHO (2002): Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]This website provides background, guidelines, and planning tools for small community water supply.
WHO (2012): Small community water supply management. World Health Organisation (WHO) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]This review looks at the factors affecting the presence and growth of microorganisms in piped networks, and the practices of water supply organisations that can directly or indirectly influence their presence and growth. This review is intended for policymakers but it is also relevant to engineers and scientists responsible for water supply planning, operations and monitoring.
AINSWORTH, R. (2004): Safe Piped Water: Managing Microbial Water Quality in Piped Distribution. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]Behind headline successes in providing first-time access to water lie a number of pressing challenges to the dominant approach to rural water supply in developing countries, namely community management following a demand-responsive approach. These challenges manifest themselves in poor performance of service providers, high rates of hardware failure, and very low levels of service. This paper argues that tackling these challenges requires a shift in emphasis in rural water supply in developing countries: away from a de-facto focus on the provision of hardware for first-time access towards the proper use of installed hardware as the basis for universal access to rural water services.
MORIARTY, P. ; SMITS, S. ; BUTTERWORTH, J. ; FRANCEYS, R. (2013): Trends in Rural Water Supply. Towards a Service Delivery Approach. In: Water Alternatives: Volume 6 , 329-349. URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]This training manual describes the need of safe drinking water and sanitation and provides relevant information on HWTS process, technologies. It is good reference material for trainers to conduct training on HWTS.
CAWST (2009): An Introduction to Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage, A CAWST Training Manual. Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]Jetsgroup produces sanitary vacuum systems in the sectors land & transport as well as ships and offshore. Downloads, case studies, animations and information about its products are available.
A document on water supply evaluation methods.
HICKEY, H.E. (2008): Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods. Volume I: Water Supply System Concepts. Emmitsburg: U.S. Fire Administration URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]This article describes the possibilities of decentralised water and wastewater systems in the U.S., particularly in urban areas.
D’AMATO, V. MOELLER, J. STRIANO, E. (2011): Rethinking decentralized systems. A new tool for sustainable water management. (= Water Environment and Technology Magazine , 8 / 23 ). Water Environment Federation URL [Accessed: 13.05.2019]