The chapter "the usefulness of urine" is about different methods of collecting urine, storage, uses of urine in agriculture and gives various examples of using urine to enhance vegetable production in containers and on fields
MORGAN, P. (2004): The Usefulness of Urine. Part III, chapter 14. In: Morgan, P. ; (2014): An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa. A Compilation of Experiences. Harare: pp. 174-189. URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]Library
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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water will only be achieved in Africa by increased development of groundwater for rural water supply. However,the role that groundwater plays in achieving the MDGs is underrated and rarely articulated. This briefing note explores the main groundwater issues related to rural water supply in Africa.
BGN (2006): Groundwater and Rural Water Supply in Africa. International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) Burdon Groundwater Network (BGN) URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]![](/sites/default/files/reference_icons/TEIXEIRA%20COELHO%202006%20Biogas%20from%20Sewage%20Treatment%20used%20to%20Electric%20Energy%20Generation.jpg)
The sewage treatment process at SABESP (Basic Sanitation Company of Sao Paulo State, Brazil) has until now burnt some of the biogas produced in the anaerobic digester to enhance the process temperature and the other part was burnt in order to limit impact of emission. The transformation of this excess biogas into electricity would be a sustainable solution generating even additional income. An alternative to burn it in flare is the biogas conversion into electricity through engines or microturbines. This paper describes the proposed system to convert biogas in electricity and heat using microturbines (30 kW ISO).
TEIXEIRA COELHO, S. STORTINI GONZALES VELAZQUES, S.M. STELLA MARTINS, O. CASTRO DE ABREU, F. (2006): Biogas from Sewage Treatment used to Electric Energy Generation, by a 30 kW (ISO) Microturbine. (= World Bioenergy Conference & Exhibition ). Sao Paulo: Brazilian Reference Center on Biomass (CENBIO) URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]![](/sites/default/files/reference_icons/CSIRO%202010%20Managed%20Aquifer%20Recharge%20FAQ.jpg)
Brief factsheet giving an oversight over most common managed aquifer recharge methods. With an Australian perspective.
CSIRO (2010): Managed Aquifer Recharge. Frequently Asked Questions. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]![](/sites/default/files/reference_icons/LUETHI%20et%20al%202011%20Sustainable%20Sanitation%20in%20cities-%20a%20framework%20for%20action.jpg)
This book repared by partners of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) network is a real eye-opener. It takes a look at some of the methods that have worked well in the past, to guide us in solving the problems of the future. By addressing sanitation as a key element of the urban metabolism, and by linking sanitation with urban planning and neighbouring sectors like solid waste management or waste recycling, it allows for a holistic approach. In the cities of tomorrow, we will need to focus more on recycling energy. A good example being biogas generation from wastewater and sludges. Water will also become an increasingly scarce commodity. Greywater (from showers and sinks) can be treated in urban constructed wetlands or used to water and fertilise urban green spaces. Such examples of productive sanitation systems will form an integral part of infrastructure in sustainable cities.
LUETHI, C. PANESAR, A. SCHUETZE, T. NORSTROEM, A. MCCONVILLE, J. PARKINSON, J. SAYWELL, D. INGE, R. (2011): Sustainable Sanitation in cities: a framework for action. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) & International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU), Papiroz Publishing House, The Netherlands URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions gives a state-of-the-art presentation of the science and technology of biological wastewater treatment, particularly domestic sewage. The book covers the main treatment processes used worldwide with wastewater treatment in warm climate regions given a particular emphasis where simple, affordable and sustainable solutions are required. The 55 chapters are divided into 7 parts over two volumes: Volume One (also available in the SSWM library): Introduction to wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal; Basic principles of wastewater treatment; Stabilisation ponds; Anaerobic reactors; Volume Two: Activated sludge; Aerobic biofilm reactors; Sludge treatment and disposal.
SPERLING, M. von LEMOS CHERNICHARO, C.A. de (2005): Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions Volume 2. London: International Water Association (IWA) Publishing URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions gives a state-of-the-art presentation of the science and technology of biological wastewater treatment, particularly domestic sewage. The book covers the main treatment processes used worldwide with wastewater treatment in warm climate regions given a particular emphasis where simple, affordable and sustainable solutions are required. The 55 chapters are divided into 7 parts over two volumes: Volume One: (1) Introduction to wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal; (2) Basic principles of wastewater treatment; (3) Stabilisation ponds; (4) Anaerobic reactors; Volume Two (also available in the SSWM library): (5) Activated sludge; (6) Aerobic biofilm reactors; (7) Sludge treatment and disposal.
SPERLING, M. von LEMOS CHERNICHARO, C.A. de (2005): Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions Volume 1. London: International Water Association (IWA) Publishing URL [Accessed: 26.05.2019]The webpage of Midwest Rural Energy Council (MREC) provides a wide range of information on implementing small- and mid-scale biogas plantations in order to produce electricity.
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This document describes several methods of drinking water quality testing. Furthermore, it contains testdescriptions about physical, chemical and microbiological contaminants as well how to interpret the test results.
CAWST (2009): Introduction to Drinking Water Quality Testing. Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CWAST) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]![](/sites/default/files/reference_icons/JURRIES%202000%20Flocculation%20of%20Construction%20Site%20Runoff%20in%20Oregon.jpg)
This paper describes the use of flocculation for removing suspended particles from water runoff in a construction site in Oregon.
JURRIES, D. (2000): Flocculation of Construction Site Runoff in Oregon. Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Oregon Government URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]![](/sites/default/files/reference_icons/CAWST%202009%20HWTS%20Fact%20Sheet%20Straining%20Academic.jpg)
A three-page factsheet containing introduction, operation procedure, treatment efficiency, operating criteria and other information related to straining.
CAWST (2009): Straining. Fact Sheets - Academic. (= Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Fact Sheets - Academic ). Calgary: Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]![](/sites/default/files/reference_icons/GHEBREMICHAEL%202004%20Moringa%20Seed%20and%20Pumice%20Alternative%20Natural%20Material%20for%20Drinking%20Water%20Treatment.jpg)
This research thesis presents an investigation on the suitability of pumice and seeds of Moringa Oleifera as natural materials for drinking water treatment based on the problem identified on the Stretta Vaudetto water treatment plant in Eritrea.
GHEBREMICHAEL, K.A. (2004): Moringa Seed and Pumice as an Alternative Natural Material for Drinking Water Treatment. (= Doctoral Thesis ). Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]![](/sites/default/files/reference_icons/KELLER%202005%20Basic%20Ion%20Exchange%201.jpg)
This series of articles proposes a general overview of many aspects related to ion exchange for residential water treatment. Among other, historic aspects, manufacturing process, softening process, technical aspects, applications in toxic metallic ions removal are covered.
KELLER, M.C. (2005): Basic Ion Exchange for Residential Water Treatment Part 1. In: Water Conditioning and Purification: URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]![](/sites/default/files/reference_icons/BABU%20CHAUDHURI%202005%20Home%20Water%20Treatment%20by%20Direct%20Filtration%20with%20Natural%20Coagulant.jpg)
This study examines the quality improvement of surface water by direct filtration with Strychnos Potatorum seed or Moringa Oleifera seed as the coagulant and assesses the suitability for home water treatment in rural areas of developing countries.
BABU, R. ; CHAUDHURI, M. (2005): Home Water Treatment by Direct Filtration with Natural Coagulant. In: Journal of Water and Health: Volume 3 , 27-30. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]![](/sites/default/files/reference_icons/ABALIWANO%20ET%20AL%202008%20Application%20of%20the%20Purified%20Moringa%20Coagulant%20for%20Surface%20Water%20Treatment.jpg)
This study investigated the effectiveness of the Moringa oleifera coagulant for the removal of turbidity, bacteria, and natural organic matter (NOM) from natural surface water. The results obtained were compared with inorganic coagulants of alum and ferric chloride.
ABALIWANO, J.K. GHEBREMICHAEL, K.A. AMY, G.L. (2008): Application of the Purified Moringa Oleifera Coagulant for Surface Water Treatment. Watermill Working Paper Series No. 5). Delft: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Institute for Water Education (UNESCO-IHE) URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]![](/sites/default/files/reference_icons/ABU%20HASSAN%20et%20al%202009%20Coagulation%20and%20Flocculation%20Treatment%20of%20Wastewater%20in%20textile%20Industry%20using%20Chitosan.jpg)
This paper describes experiments using chitosan coagulant (a natural organic polyelectrolyte) on textile industry wastewater. The results obtained proved that chitosan successfully flocculates the anionic suspended particles and reduces the levels of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and turbidity in textile industry wastewater.
ABU HASSAN, M.A. ; LI, T.P. ; NOOR, Z.Z. (2009): Coagulation and Flocculation of Wastewater in Textile Industry using Chitosan. In: Journal of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering: Volume 4 , 43-53. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019]This research assesses the agro based materials like Surjana seed (Moringa oleifera), Nirmali seed (Strychnos pototorum) and maize (Zeemays) as a coagulant aid in conjunction with alum to determine their efficacy in water treatment. Experiments have been conducted simulating a conventional water treatment train consisting of coagulation-flocculation-settling and granular media filtration. They found that filtrate quality has improved with the use of agro-based materials.
RAGHUWANSHI, P.K. ; MANDLOI, M. ; SHARMA, A.J. ; MALVIYA, H.S. ; CHAUDARI, S. (2002): Improving Filtrate Quality Using Agro based Materials as Coagulant Aid. In: Water Quality Research Journal of Canada: Volume 37 , 745-756. URL [Accessed: 24.05.2019] PDF