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Perspectives are different frameworks from which to explore the knowledge around sustainable sanitation and water management. Perspectives are like filters: they compile and structure the information that relate to a given focus theme, region or context. This allows you to quickly navigate to the content of your particular interest while promoting the holistic understanding of sustainable sanitation and water management.
Short general and technical description on dehydration toilets without urine diversion.
GTZ (2006): Dehydration Toilets. Dehydration toilets. Dehydration Toilets without Urine-diversion. (= Technical Data Sheets for Ecosan Components, 02-B3 ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]This book has been written to help all those involved in planning and implementing emergency sanitation programmes. The main focus is a systematic and structured approach to assessment and programme design. There is a strong emphasis on socio-cultural issues and community participation throughout.Includes an extensive “guidelines” section with rapid assessment instructions and details on programme design, planning and implementation.
HARVEY, P. BAGHRI, S. REED, B. (2002): Emergency Sanitation: Assessment and Programme Design. Loughborough: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]This document contains a worldwide list of suppliers for waterless urinals. The tables of suppliers provided here are not complete listings but give only an indication of available products. If you spot errors or omissions, please contact the authors at ecosan@giz.de. In the brackets below each listing the date for provision of the information/last update of information is given. Please be aware that not all information is from 2011. An entry in this list does not imply a recommendation by GIZ. Costs are indicative only.
MUENCH, E., v. WINKER, M. GIZ (2011): Appendix 1 for technology review of urine diversion components. Worldwide listing of suppliers for waterless urinals. (= Technology Review ). Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]This document gives an introduction about why and how urine can be used in agriculture. It summarises a PhD studies which has been carried out on the evaluation of microbial health risks associated with the reuse of source separated human urine and gives some practical guidelines for urine reuse.
SCHOENNING (n.y): Urine Diversion - Hygienic Risks and Microbial Guidelines for Reuse. Solna: Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (SMI) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]Short general and technical description on single-vault UDDTs with movable containers.
GTZ (2006): Dehydration Toilets. Dehydration Toilet with movable containers . (= Technical Data Sheets for Ecosan Components, 02-B4 ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]This manual looks at the broader issues of sanitation, handling of waste, and then examines the sanitation issue and provides some technical detail on construction and design.
UNDP (2005): Sanitation for You and Me – A Post-Tsunami Technical Overview. New Dehli: United Nations Development Program (UNDP) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]Paper discussing the hygienic aspects on the reuse of source-separated human urine.
SCHOENNING, C. (2001): Hygienic aspects on the reuse of source-separated human urine. (= NJF Seminar no. 327 ). Solna: Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (SMI) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]In this document, you will find more information on the various technical options that meet the requirements for basic sanitation. These need to be considered within all the sustainability requirements, e.g. affordability, operation and maintenance. The options are divided into two categories: Dry non-water reliant on-site systems and wet systems (that do require water for operation).
WAaF (2002): Sanitation Technology Options. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (WAaF) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]The publication explains the purposes of urine diversion, its benefits and challenges, possibilities of urine treatment and reuse in agriculture. It provides an overview on design and operational aspects for equipment needed, such as waterless urinals and urine diversion toilets. An appendix with a worldwide listing of suppliers for waterless urinals and urine diversion toilet pedestals and squatting pans is also available.
MUENCH, E., v. WINKER, M. GTZ (2009): Urine diversion components. Overview of Urine Diversion Components such as Waterless Urinals, Urine Diversion Toilets, Urine Storage and Reuse Systems. (= Technology Review ). Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]After a brief introductory chapter on the Philippine sanitation situation and basic principles of sustainable sanitation, the manual focuses on the introduction of different low-cost sanitation solutions comprising the arborloo toilet, the 1-chamber and 2-chamber UDDT, hanging UDDTs, and the ecopee urinal. Each technology is briefly described by giving general information on how it works, operation and maintenance requirements, reuse or safe disposal options, and in which setting this technology might be appropriate. In addition, a picture-based guide on how to construct each technology is provided as well as the necessary technical drawings and rough cost estimates based on current prices. Since a sanitation system does not end with the toilet itself, the last chapter also provides information on the overall management of the system including collection, transport, treatment, and final reuse of urine, feces and composting products in agriculture.
GENSCH, R. MISO, A. ITCHON, G. SAYRE, E. (2010): Low-Cost Sustainable Sanitation Solutions for Mindanao and the Philippines. A Practical Construction Field Guide. Cagayan de Oro City: Xavier University URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]This source presents the DEWATS emergency sanitation service package, including options for different types of prefabricated materials, developed by BORDA.
BORDA (2009): EmSan - Emergency Sanitation. An innovative & rapidly installable solution to improve hygiene and health in emergency situations. (= Concept Note ). Bremen: Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]This study analyses the feasibility and potential production of biogas in countries with a cold climate, with emphasis on Romania, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Armenia. The results are compared with China, Nepal and Bolivia. The study also carefully reviews existing literature before suggesting the same technology for the colder target communities. It also contains recommendations on whether to use the plants on household or community level afterwards.
BALASUBRAMANIYAM, U. ZISENGWE, L.S. MERIGGI, N. BUYSMAN, E. (2008): Biogas Production in Climates with long cold Winters. Wageningen: Wageningen University URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]This illustrative presentation on ecological sanitation in Malawi, focuses on the concept of ecological sanitation, types of eco-toilets and basic methods of recycling nutrient from human excreta.
MORGAN, P. (2010): Ecological Sanitation in Malawi. Stockholm : Ecological Sanitation Research (EcoSanRes), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]This factsheet contains practical information on the simple pit latrine.
ROBENS INSTITUTE (1996): Fact Sheets on Environmental Sanitation: Simple Pit Latrines. (= Fact Sheets on Environmental Sanitation ). Guildford / Geneva: University of Surrey, World Health Organization (WHO). Factsheet 3.4. URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]Decentralized anaerobic digestion is a promising technology to handle the large organic fraction of the municipal solid waste with the additional benefit of producing biogas as well as fertilizer. In this study a market level biogas plant in Thiruvananthapuram, South India and constructed by a NGO called BIOTECH is monitored and evaluated.
HEEB, F. (2009): Decentralised anaerobic digestion of market waste. Case study in Thiruvananthapuram, India. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]This study assesses ecosan toilets and their implementation in different areas of Nepal from an n social, technical and financial point of view. It gives recommendations in the view of scaling-up ecosan in Nepal.
WATERAID (2008): Assessment of Urine Diverting Ecosan Toilets in Nepal. Kathmandu: WaterAid Nepal URL [Accessed: 31.05.2019]This technical document contains information about small bore sewer systems.
OTIS, R. MARA, D. (1985): The Design of Small Bore Sewer Systems. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank URL [Accessed: 30.05.2019]Among other things, there is much information about the sewer collection system in the City of London, (Ontario-Canada). There will be site-specific situations where the design will depart from these practices as it is not possible nor is it the intention of the City to anticipate every situation.
EESD (2003): Design Specification & Requirements Manual. Updated 2010. 4 Sewage Pumpoing Stations. London, Ontario (Canada): Environmental and Engineering Services Department (EESD) URL [Accessed: 30.05.2019]The purpose of this guide is to present practical information on the handling, treatment, and disposal of septage in a concise, recommendations-oriented format for easy use by administrators of waste management programs, septage haulers, and managers or operators of septage handling facilities. The guide is not intended to provide detailed engineering design information.
U.S. EPA (1994): Guide to Septage Treatment and Disposal. (= EPA/625/R-94/002 ). Washingtion D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development URL [Accessed: 30.05.2019]