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Given the low willingness to pay for latrines with cash, efforts to sell latrines at market price without any financing mechanism will lead to continued low penetration. The major implication of this study is that offering microfinance loans for latrines will dramatically increase uptake of latrines, while also making distribution significantly cheaper per latrine sold.

SHAH, N.B. SHIRRELL, S. FRAKER, A. WANG, P. WANG, E. (2013): Understanding Willingness to Pay for Sanitary Latrines in Cambodia. Findings from Four Field Experiments of iDE Cambodia's Sanitation Marketing Program. Denver: iDE URL [Visita: 23.06.2019]

This case shows how the members of Malawi Homeless People's Federation make monthly savings of at least 0,14 USD towards a pool fund called Mchenga fund. It finances their development needs according to the priorities of the members.

KHATAZA, R. (2008): A $ 0,14 toilet in a month: Financing Urban Eco-Sanitation through Group Savings in Malawi. Malawi: Centre for Community Organisation and Development (CCODE) URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

https://water.org/about-us/our-work/watercredit/ [Visita: 21.06.2019]

WaterCredit is an initiative of Water.org that puts microfinance tools to use in the water and sanitation (WASH) sector. It is the only comprehensive, multi-country program of its kind that connects the microfinance and WASH communities to scale up access to credit and capital for individual- and household-based water and sanitation needs.

The purpose of this manual is to create a new synergy by bringing together project management practices and socio-economic and gender issues within the conceptual framework of SEAGA. The manual is principally written for practitioners at the operational level in government, NGOs, Civil Society Organisations and the private sector. It presents a set of case studies for the planning of a project.

BISHOP, C. SEAGA (2001): Project Cycle Management, Technical Guide. Rome (Italy): Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Socio-Economic and Gender Analysis (SEAGA) Programme URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

This document provides information on saving mechanisms such as community-based saving and credit groups in Cambodia, savings and credit systems in Laos and the history of saving and credit programs in Vietnam

ESCAP UN (n.y): Urban Community-based-Savings-and-Credit Systems in Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic and Vietnam. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP) URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

This document describes the basic model of saving groups, its origin and variation in saving methodology. It also explains how these groups complement microfinance and provides lessons for the replication of the model.

ALLEN, H. PANETTA, D. (2010): Saving Groups: What are they? The SEEP Network Savings-Led Financial Services Working Group. The Small Enterprise Education and Promotion Network (SEEP) URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

This brief examines two promising project activities in the micro-finance sector under the Creating Sanitation Market Initiative (CSMI), a multi-stakeholder initiative led by the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank in Peru: 1) in Cusco, activities with the Caja Municipal de Ahorro y Crédito del Cusco (CMAC Cusco) a Municipal Savings and Loan Fund owned by the municipal government of Cusco; and 2) in Cajamarca, activities to establish Village Banks that administer loans for household sanitation improvements. The brief was prepared with support from the USAID-funded Hygiene Improvement Project, a CSMI partner.

USAID HIP ; WSP (2010): Peru Case Studies in Sanitation Microfinance. (= Research Brief ). Washington DC: Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

This research seeks to identify the best performing approaches and the relevant factors and issues to consider in designing a sanitation financing strategy. The report offers guidance to sector professionals developing on-site sanitation projects and programs, which play a leading role in providing access to sanitation. The study compares alternative financing approaches based on a set of common indicators, including in terms of the effectiveness in the use of public funds and targeting.

TREMOLET, S. KOLSKY, P. PEREZ, E. WSP ; THE WORLD BANK (2010): Financing On-Site Sanitation for the Poor. A Six Country Comparative Review and Analysis. (= Technical Paper ). Washington DC: and Sanitation Program (WSP) and The World Bank URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

EPA (2010): Tips on Writing a Competitive Grant Proposal & Preparing a Budget. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

The logical framework is presented as a conceptual and analytical tool for undertaking sector analysis, project planning, and project management. This guide emphasises the basic concepts and underlying processes inherent in applying the logical framework. This guide uses a simplified example from the transport sector to illustrate these concepts and processes.

SALDANHA, C. WHITTLE, J. (1998): Using the Logical Framework for Sector Analysis and Project Design: A User’s Guide. Manila: Asian Development Bank URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

This report compares the capital expenditure and the operational and maintenance expenditure for sanitation facilities in rural and peri-urban areas in Burkina Faso. It presents the magnitude of the relative cost of different types of sanitation infrastructures such as the VIP toilet, the Ecosan urine diverting toilet, the pour-flush toilet and the traditional pit latrine.

KLUTSE, A. BOURAIMA, Z. AMEGNRAN, C. (2010): Sanitation Costs Analysis in Burkina Faso. (= IRC Symposium Pumps, Pipes and Promises ). Ouagadougou : URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

This report discusses the demand for household water connections in urban Morocco, and the effect of such connections on household welfare.

DEVOTO, F. DUFLO, E. DUPAS, P. PARIENTE, W. PONS, V IRES (2011): Happiness on Tap: Piped Water Adoption in Urban Morocco. (= Discussion Paper , 13 ). Louvain-la-Neuve: Institute des Recherches Économiques et Sociales de l'Université Catholique de Louvain (IRES) URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

These guidelines present the Logical Framework Approach, with the analysis of the situation and how to prepare the related matrix.

AUSAID (2005): AusGuidelines 3.3 The Logical Framework Approach. Sydney: Commonwealth of Australia URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

This primer offers a non-technical introduction to financing for water and sanitation in developing countries.

WINPENNY, J. (2011): Financing for Water and Sanitation. A Primer for Practitioners and Students in Developing Countries. EU Initiative Finance Working Group URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

This booklet on Smart Finance Solutions gives examples of how various existing financial mechanisms and products are used to finance water and sanitation projects and support small local businesses.

NWP (2009): Smart Finance Solutions. Examples of innovative financial mechanisms for water and sanitation. (= Smart water solutions ). Amsterdam: KIT Publishers URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

This working paper provides an overview of Decision Support Tools (DSTs) using disaggregated costs in the water and sanitation sector. The DSTs have been developed by international organisations for planning and budgeting interventions in low income settings. It highlights the disaggregated costs used for each tool and makes recommendations for matching them to practitioners’ needs and capacities.

FONSECA, C. DUBE, A. VERHOEVEN, J. (2011): Cost-based Decision Support Tools for Water and Sanitation. (= Wash Cost Working Paper , 4 ). The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

https://www.wateraid.org/mw/what-we-do [Visita: 21.06.2019]

This website provides information on savings for sanitation and other investments in Malawi.

https://www.ircwash.org/washcost [Visita: 21.06.2019]

WASHCost, a five-year initiative funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, is focused on exploring and sharing an understanding of the true costs of sustainable services. Since 2008, WASHCost has developed new methodologies to better understand and use the costs of providing water, sanitation and hygiene services to rural and peri-urban communities in Ghana, Burkina-Faso, Mozambique and India (Andhra Pradesh).

The purpose of this working paper is to set out sanitation service levels to be applied as an analytical tool for WASH-Cost research on the disaggregated unit costs of water, sanitation and hygiene services. It should be read together with Working Paper 2: "Ladders for assessing and costing water service delivery", which introduces the concept of service levels, service level indicators and the use of ladders as a metaphor and a means to differentiate between broad levels of service. Both are working documents of the WASHCost team, aimed at providing a framework for data analysis to be used and tested by WASH-Cost.

POTTER, A. KLUTSE, A. SNEHALATHA, M. BATCHELOR, C. UANDELA, A. NAAFS, A. FONSECA, C. MORIARTY, P. (2011): Assessing Sanitation Service Levels. (= Wash Cost Working Paper , 3 ). Delft: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]

This document is about community savings through Village Organisations (VOs) in Pakistan that are responsible for implementing different development projects.

HUSSAIN, A. (2003): Conservation Funds and Community Financing. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Pakistan URL [Visita: 21.06.2019]