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The City & County of Broomfield wastewater treatment plant secondary treatment processes were upgraded to a new biological nutrient removal process described as Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) back in 2003 using a moving bed plastic carrier element to help grow the biomass. This allows the existing aerobic reactors to maintain nitrification during year round operation while still operating near conventional activated sludge solids retention times (SRT) one would find in just carbonaceous treatment plants. The upgraded IFAS system includes anaerobic and anoxic reactors to help meet new effluent Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus limits.

RUTT, K. SEDA, J. JOHNSON, C.H. (2006): Two Year Case Study of Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) at Broomfield, CO WWTP. Alexandria: WEFTEC URL [Visita: 16.04.2012]

WHO (1993): Water-related Diseases. Entradas: HAVELAAR, A. H. ; MELSE, J. M. ; (2003): Quantifying Public Health Risk in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Geneva: 49-50. URL [Visita: 10.04.2012]

This document will first review the types of water pipelines used throughout the U.S. and Canada, the types of structural problems some of these pipes experience and the costs that are incurred due to these structural problems. Because pipeline structural problems can lead to contamination, this document will also discuss the increased threat of waterborne diseases. Finally, because chlorine chemistry plays a major role in safely delivering water to homes, businesses and schools - through both disinfection and piping material - this paper will show how pipelines made from chlorine-based vinyl plastic are part of the solution to these water-transport challenges.

WQHC (2012): Safe Water Delivered Safely. Water Quality and Health Council (WQHC). [Accessed: 10.04.2012] PDF

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGVvdcl4z8I&feature=endscreen&NR=1 [Visita: 05.04.2012]

In this video, the principle of the rope pump is explained illustratively. Also, it elaborates on the reason why organisations make villagers pay for pumps instead of donating them.

http://vimeo.com/channels/emas [Visita: 05.04.2012]

EMAS is a Mobile School for Water and Sanitation based in Bolivia, and run by Wolfgang Eloy Buchner. Many videos are provided showing in detail how EMAS pumps can be constructed.

SEI (2012): Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) URL [Visita: 05.04.2012]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1l2jcGEoSo&feature=relmfu [Visita: 05.04.2012]

Low-cost treadle pumps for irrigation can improve the livelihood of communities significantly. This video introduces a project, which promotes the installation and use of treadle pumps in Uttar Pradesh, India.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LM_1kCg9XWs&feature=related [Visita: 05.04.2012]

Introduction to a windmill development project by the UNDP in Cambodia.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHkEPx0hj4Y [Visita: 05.04.2012]

Agua: yaku presents a simple and inexpensive method for constructing a hand pump.

http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah810e/AH810E00.HTM [Visita: 05.04.2012]

The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) compiled a very comprehensive publication on water-lifting devices. Its purpose is to provide a basis for comparing and choosing between all present options for lifting irrigation water on small and medium sized land-holdings.

In developing countries, it has been observed that drinking water frequently becomes recontaminated following its collection and during storage in the home. This paper proposes a semi-quantified ‘disease risk index’ (DRI) designed to identify communities or households that are ‘most at risk’ from consuming recontaminated drinking water. A brief review of appropriate physical and educational intervention measures is presented, and their effective use is discussed. It is concluded that incorporating a simple appraisal tool, such as the proposed DRI, into a community water-supply programme would be useful in shaping the overall strategy requiring only a minimum of organisational learning.

TREVETT, A.F. CARTER, R.C. (2008): Targeting Appropriate Interventions to Minimize Deterioration of Drinking-water Quality in Developing Countries. Dhaka, Bangladesh: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research URL [Visita: 05.04.2012]

This report is built on research conducted in Kenya, Uganda, China, and India. These countries represent emerging markets that offer promising investment opportunities for increasing access to clean, safe drinking water.

BROWN, J. OUTLAW, T. CLASEN, T. WU, J. SOBSEY, M.D. (n.y): Safe Water for All - Harnessing the Private Sector to Reach the Underserved. Wahsington, D.C.: International Finance Corporation (IFC) URL [Visita: 04.04.2012]

This volume of Guidelines for drinking-water quality describes the methods employed in the surveillance of drinking-water quality in the light of the special problems of small-community supplies, particularly those of developing countries, and outlines the strategies necessary to ensure that surveillance is effective. It is also concerned with the linkage between surveillance and remedial action and with the form that remedial action should take.

WHO (1997): Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Second Edition, Volume 3. Surveillance and Control of Community Supplies. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) URL [Visita: 04.04.2012]

AMOS (2011): Bio Sand Filter. Managua: Amos Health and Hope. [Accessed: 04.04.2012]

WSP (2007): Calendar 2007 June. Washington, DC: Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) URL [Visita: 03.04.2012]

This booklet on water technologies gives examples of innovations such as the use of sunlight to purify water, effective low-cost water filters, low-cost drip irrigation and locally produced hand pumps that are five times cheaper than imported pumps.

NWP (2006): Smart Water Solutions. Examples of Innovative, Low-cost Technologies for Wells, Pumps, Storage, Irrigation and Water Treatment. The Hague: Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) URL [Visita: 02.04.2012] PDF

This review carefully summarises the growing body of research on storing, handling and treating water in the home. In doing so, it builds on the pioneering report on household water management prepared by professor Mark Sobsey for the World Health Organisation (WHO). It provides compelling evidence that interventions to improve the microbial quality of water at the point of use are as effective as other environmental measures, such as hygiene and sanitation, in preventing diarrhoeal disease.

NATH, K.J. BLOOMFIELD, S. JONES, M. (2006): Household Water Storage, Handling and Point-of-Use Treatment. Somerset (UK): International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (IFH) URL [Visita: 02.04.2012]

BARTLE, P. (2008): Preparing a Community Action Plan. Province of British Colombia: CEC Community Empowerment Collective URL [Visita: 02.04.2012]

This document presents conclusions of five years of work devoted to the assessment of available technology and management options for the wide-scale implementation of community water supply systems.

ARLOSOROFF, S. TSCHANNERL, G. GREY, D. JOURNEY, W. KARP, A. LANGENEFFER, O. ROCHE, R. (1987): Community Water Supply. The Handpump Option. Washington D.C.: THE WORLD BANK URL [Visita: 02.04.2012]

AZIYUDDIN, M. (2012): Nominal Group Technique Discussion. Malaysia: EOSH Environmental, Occupational Safety&Health. [Accessed: 02.04.2012]