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The transport and filtration behavior of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in columns packed with quartz sand was systematically examined under repulsive electrostatic conditions. An increase in solution ionic strength resulted in greater oocyst deposition rates despite theoretical predictions of a significant electrostatic energy barrier to deposition.

TUFENKJI, N. ; MILLER, G.F. ; RYAN, J.N. ; HARVEY, R.W. ; ELIMELECH, M. (2004): Transport of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Porous Media. Role of Straining and Physicochemical Filtration. Entradas: Environmental Science & Technology: Volume 38 , 5932-5938. URL [Visita: 03.01.2013]

http://www.dudbc.gov.np/ [Visita: 02.01.2013]

Website of the Department of Urban Development & Building Construction (DUDBC) by the Government of Nepal.

Description of a project launched in Casablanca, Cuba in order to reduce water use for domestic use.

TAMAYO, S.A. (2012): Detrás de la Fachada. (= Juventud Técnica ). Cuba: Juventud Técnica URL [Visita: 02.01.2013]

Language: Spanish

In this article, action research is introduces as a method to correct deficiencies related to generating knowledge in positivist science in order to solve problems.

SUSMAN, G.I. ; EVERED, R.D. (1978): An Assessment of the Scientific Merits of Action Research. Entradas: Administrative Science Quarterly: Volume 23 , 582-603. URL [Visita: 02.01.2013]

This report outlines the Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment methodology, a planning and management tool to assist development and humanitarian organisations in analysing situations of (potential) conflict and identifying strategic opportunities for conflict prevention and peace-building.

NYHEIM, D. LEONHARDT, M. GAIGALS, C. (2001): Development in Conflict. A Seven Step Tool for Planners. FEWER, International Alert & Saferworld URL [Visita: 27.12.2012]

http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/whatis.htm [Visita: 20.12.2012]

Website by the Washington State Department of Ecology, describing the causes and effects of climate change.

The third and last module explains how to analyse the evaluated life-cycle costs and how to apply them to service levels.

WASHCOST (2012): Analysing life-cycle costs and service levels. Module 3. The Hague: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. [Accessed: 19.12.2012] PDF

This paper provides information about financing strategies in WSS that are realistic and meet established development objectives - and in doing this explain what is required to prepare them. Three questions are addressed: What is actually meant by a financing strategy in WSS? What are the stages of preparing, developing and implementing a financing strategy in WSS? And what are the major challenges when doing so?

EUWI (2007): Developing Financing Strategies in Water Supply and Sanitation. Kongens Lynby (Denmark): European Water Initiative (EUWI). [Accessed: 19.12.2012] PDF

This desk study gives insight how people perceive and understand ecosan and other sanitation systems. It is the result of a cooperation between six experts working with ecosan, analysing the norms and attitudes in their country(Ethiopia, Mexico, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Sweden). Emphasis is put on individual values and societal norms in urban areas of countries with different socio-economic status and varying ethnic backgrounds.

DRANGERT, J.O. (2004): Norms and Attitudes towards Ecosan and other Sanitation Systems . (= EcoSanRes paper ). Stockholm: SEI URL [Visita: 18.12.2012]

This case study reports the replacement of pit latrine with UDDT at one household in Arba Minch, Ethiopia. A single-vault UDDT serves family members and rural merchants staying overnight. Urine is applied for banana, mango and lemon plants and the dried excreta are co-composted along with organic material in the owner’s farmland.

KASSA, K. (2010): Urine Diversion Dry Toilet (UDDT) for Agafari´s Household, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Visita: 12.12.2012]

This publication is a compilation of numerous best practice examples from all over the world with regard to gender, water and sanitation.

UN (2006): Gender, Water and Sanitation, Case studies on Best Practices. New York: United Nations (UN) URL [Visita: 12.12.2012]

Case study on a school UDDT project and the reuse of the collected urine in Kalunga, Uganda

MUELLEGGER, E. SuSanA (2009): UDD Toilets at a Rural Secondary School Kalunga, Uganda. (= SuSanA case study ). Sustainable Sanitation Alliance URL [Visita: 12.12.2012]

This case study reports the improvement on sanitation by establishing two single-vault UDDTs, one double-vault UDDT and a urinal for a population of 50 church members and 25 children in Nakuru, Kenya. Dry faecal matter from the UDDT is applied around banana plants and trees, and urine is used to grow corn and vegetables on an experimental basis.

MUCHIRI, E. MUTUA, B. (2010): UDD Toilets at a Church and Nursery School, Nakuru, Kenya – Draft. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Visita: 12.12.2012]

A sanitation unit (toilet, hand wash basins, a urinal and showers) and a water kiosk were constructed for a public bus park (design sale was 1000 visitors per day). This projects aimed to improve living conditions of the residents and travellers by providing environmentally-friendly sanitation solutions with a focus on the reuse of the human waste as a resource and to find a business-oriented solution that creates economic incentives for the water sector institutions to invest in sanitation and to generate income for private operators.

RIECK, C. ONYANGO, P. (2010): Public toilet with biogas plant and water kiosk, Naivasha, Kenya. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Visita: 12.12.2012]

This case study reports the design and construction of a toilet block consisting of three single vault UDDTs for a population of 28 households at a residential plot in Hilton estate, a high-density low-income settlement in the North-Western part of Nakuru Town. To overcome problems associated to the misuse of the toilets by visitors and strangers who were not familiar with the proper use, a new toilet management system has been put in place, where the three UDDTs are divided among the 28 households, who are supposed to take care and maintain the toilets.

MUCHIRI, E. MUTUA, B. (2010): Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets at a Residential Plot, Nakuru, Kenya - Draft. (= SuSanA - Case Studies ). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Visita: 12.12.2012]

The motivation of the project was to establish a decentralised wastewater treatment system that offers a simple solution to existing shortcomings and is cost-effective and efficient, hence allows self-management by the village community. The overall goal of this GIZ “component” (which is part of a larger GIZ programme) was formulated under the expectation that hygienic, appropriate, low-cost wastewater disposal possibilities are accepted and applied by the population and the responsible institutions.

STUBER, N. RIAD, M HUSSELMAN, H. FAHRLAENDER, F. (2012): Community-Managed Wastewater Treatment System, El-Moufty El-Kobra, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. Case Study of Sustainable Sanitation Projects. Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) URL [Visita: 12.12.2012]

http://www.onlineteachingdegree.com/collaborative-learning/ [Visita: 10.12.2012]

This website gives an overview and useful hints on collaborative learning, group work and study teams. Collaborative, or cooperative, learning is a strategy for learning material in a social setting.

GLEICK, P.H. (2006): Bottled Water: An Update. Entradas: GLEICK, P.H. ; (2006): The World's Water. The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources: 2006-2007. Washington, D.C.: . URL [Visita: 05.12.2012]

Searching for livestock production systems with a high energy utilization is of interest because of resource use and pollution aspects and because energy use is an indicator of the intensification of production processes. Due to interactions between crop and livestock enterprises and between levels of different input factors and their effects on yields, it is proposed to analyse agricultural energy utilization through system modelling of data from farm studies. Energy use in small grains, grass-clover and fodder beets registered in organic and conventional mixed dairy farms was analysed and used together with crop yields in order to model energy prices on three Danish soil types.

REFSGAARD, K. ; HALBERG, N. ; KRISTENSEN, E.S. (1998): Energy Utilization in Crop and Dairy Production in Organic and Conventional Livestock Production Systems. Entradas: Agricultural Systems: Volume 57 , 599-630. URL [Visita: 05.12.2012]

This paper was prepared for the Seminar “Food and Water – resources in crises!” at Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute 28. November 2008. The paper puts emphasis on the fact that institutional structures and path dependency can be and are major constraints for development and dissemination of many innovations that have obvious environmental benefits in the long run. Facilitation and arrangement of appropriate institutional regimes are therefore of great importance for “big ideas” to come through. Ecological sanitation is an example.

BRYDEN, J. REFSGAARD, K. (2009): Institutions and Sustainable Development. The Case of Water, Waste and Food. Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute (NILF) URL [Visita: 05.12.2012]