In the case of the Somali refugees, opposition to the regime of Mohamad Siyaad in the 1980s in Somali which led rise to intense fighting in 1988 caused 400,000 Somalis to flee into Ethiopia and Djibouti. Further civil war displaced half of the population in Somalia in 1991-1992. Although many returned home with the assistance of the UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, 400,000 Somalis still in remain in exile. These refugees’ face ongoing instability and conflict, famine and disease. The causes of the ongoing Somali refugee crises are deep, complex and diverse including the legacy of authoritarian clannism, state collapse, failed peace processes, a history of irredentism, and the rise of political Islam and Islam jihadism and the security consequence of the ‘war or terror’. At international and regional levels, steps have been taken in recent years to address the causal factors of the ongoing crises to provide frameworks for addressing the problem for repatriation, strengthening protection, and resettlement.
LOESCHER, G. MILNER, J. NEWMAN, E. TROELLER, G. (2008): Protracted refugee situations: Political, Human Rights, and Security Implications. Tokyo: United Nations University Press URL [Accessed: 20.10.2016]